Table 3.
Summary of included articles.
| Sample Characteristics | Scan Characteristics | Scanxiety Measures | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citation | N | Cancer Type | Cancer Stage | Cancer Status | Scan Type | Scan Purpose | Assessment Tool | Scan-Specific vs. General Measure | Design; Assessment Time Points |
| Quantitative Studies | |||||||||
| Abreu et al., 2017 [21] | 232 | Multiple | Not specified | Not specified | F-FDG PET/CT | Staging/early post-diagnosis Detect progression Detect recurrence |
Likert item (anxiety, 10-point) | Scan-specific | Longitudinal: Immediately pre- and post-scan procedure |
| Bauml et al., 2016 [3] | 103 | NSCLC | III, IV | Living with cancer | Examples given: CT, MRI, PET | Detect progression | Impact of Events Scale-6 item version (IES-6) | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Waiting room prior to medical oncology appointment (scans discussed for 73% of patients) |
| Bjelic-Radisic et al., 2017 [42] | 284 | Breast | 0–IV | Post-treatment | Multiple aspects of follow-up: Mammography, breast ultrasound, abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray, bone scintigraphy | Detect recurrence | Breast cancer psychosocial assessment screening scale (BC-PASS)Likert items (distress about follow-up components, 1–4) Likert items (anxiety and stress before follow-up visits; 0–10 and 1–4) |
General (BC-PASS) Scan-specific (Likert items) |
Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scan |
| Cox et al., 2013 [22] | 613; varied by analysis | Multiple; prior childhood cancers | Not specified | Post-treatment | Mammogram, ECG (ultrasound or multi-gated acquisition scan), bone density scan (DEXA or CT) | Detect recurrence Other: Detect late effects |
Three summed items on health fears (future health, cancer recurrence, finding a problem at follow-up visits; 1–5) | General | Longitudinal: Not specified with respect to scan |
| Derry et al., 2019 [47] | 94 | Multiple; solid tumors | III, IV | Living with cancer | Not specified | Detect progression | Single item (anxiety about diagnosis, not at all to completely) | General | Cross-sectional: Prior to scan results discussion appointment |
| Goense et al., 2018 [39] | 27 | Esophageal | Not specified | Living with cancer | MRI and PET/CT to predict clinical response to neoadjuvant tx | Staging/early post-diagnosis information | Likert rating (anxiety, 1–5) | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Directly following the last of several MRI and PET/CT scans |
| Grilo et al., 2017 [13] | 81 | Multiple | Not specified | Not specified | 18F-FDG PET/CT | Staging/early post-diagnosis Detect progression Detect recurrence |
State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-state | General | Longitudinal: Before and after scan |
| Hay et al., 2018 [38] | 452 | Multiple | Not specified | Living with cancer Post-treatment |
Not specified; item asked about radiation from medical imaging tests such as x-rays, mammograms, radioactive dye, etc. | Not specified | Single item from HINTS on Medical Imaging Radiation (MIR) worry (not at all to a lot) | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scan |
| Jeppesen et al., 2018 [43] | 214 | Endometrial | I | Post-treatment | Ultrasound; other imaging as needed | Detect recurrence | Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI) | General | Intervention trial: Not specified with respect to scan |
| Koinis et al., 2022 [17] | 218 | Multiple | IV | Living with cancer | Not specified | Detect progression | Modified Greek version of Impact of Events Scale (IES)-Revised | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Within one week after scan |
| Krajewski et al., 2017 [23] | 100 | Bladder | Not specified; non-muscle- invasive | Living with cancer | Cystoscopy | Detect progression | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | General | Longitudinal: Directly before procedure and within 7–10 days after |
| Lo Re et al., 2016 [20] | 260 (41% were oncology patients) | Multiple | Not specified | Not specified | MRI, breast imaging (mammogram, ultrasound, breast MRI), x-ray, CT, ultrasound | Not specified | STAI-state STAI-trait |
General | Cross-sectional: Before scan procedure (presumably in waiting area) |
| Martinez-Lorca and Martinez-Lorca, 2022 [48] | 108 | Multiple | Not specified | Living with cancer | 18F-FDG-PET-TAC | Early post-diagnosis/staging Detect progression Detect recurrence |
STAI Likert scale (subjective anxiety, 0–10) |
General | Intervention trial: Directly before and after scan |
| McGinty et al., 2014 [24] | 136 | Breast | 0–IIIA | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) | General | Longitudinal: Immediately before and one week after mammogram (following negative results) |
| McGinty et al., 2016 [14] | 161 | Breast | 0–IIIA | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Two visual analog scale items about fear of recurrence CWS |
General | Longitudinal: Seven time points; baseline, one month before, one week before, immediately prior to mammogram, and immediately after, one week after, and one month after receiving results |
| Morreale et al., 2020 [15] | 100 | Lung Gastrointestinal |
IV | Living with cancer | CT or MRI | Detect progression/assess treatment response | Distress Thermometer HADS |
General | Longitudinal: On imaging day and one week after receiving results |
| Patel et al., 2016 [16] | 539 | Kidney | I | Living with cancer | Axial imaging (CT or MRI), ultrasound | Detect progression | SF-12 QOL Questionnaire Mental Component Score | General | Longitudinal: Not specified with respect to scan |
| Porter et al., 2003 [25] | 55 (34 with breast cancer and 21 without cancer) | Breast | 0–III | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Daily stress (single item, 0–10) Psychological consequences questionnaire (PCQ) |
General (daily stress) Scan-specific (PCQ) |
Longitudinal: Daily measures for three days about one month before, day of, and day after mammogram |
| Shelby et al., 2012 [26] | 204 | Breast | I-III | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Stanford acute stress reaction questionnaire | Scan-specific | Longitudinal: Immediately before mammogram; adherence over next year |
| Soriano et al., 2018 [28] | 57 couples | Breast | 0–III | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Daily measure, six items adapted from Insight and Severity subscales of FCRI | General | Longitudinal: Daily measures over three weeks; two weeks before and one week after mammogram |
| Soriano et al., 2019 [27] | 57 couples | Breast | 0–III | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Daily measure, six items adapted from Insight and Severity subscales of FCRI PROMIS Anxiety Short Form |
General | Longitudinal: Baseline anxiety; Daily measures over three weeks; two weeks before and one week after mammogram (results typically given same-day) |
| Westerterp et al., 2008 [46] | 82 | Esophageal | I-IV | Living with cancer | CT, PET, cervical ultrasonography, endoscopy, ultrasonography | Staging/early treatment planning | Likert item (anxiety; 1–5) | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: two weeks after scan procedures |
| Qualitative studies | |||||||||
| Allen, 2002 [44] | 6 | Breast | Not specified; non-metastatic | Post-treatment | Mammogram | Detect recurrence | Semi-structured individual interview | General | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Brandzel et al., 2017 [40] | 41 | Breast | 0–III | Post-treatment | Mammogram and breast MRI | Detect recurrence | Semi-structured interview in focus groups | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Bui et al., 2021 [2] | 16 | Multiple; solid tumors |
III, IV | Living with cancer | CT | Detect progression | Semi-structured individual interview | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Within four months after scan |
| Lai-Kwon et al., 2021 [34] | 20 | NSCLC | IV | Living with cancer | CT; PET | Detect progression | Semi-structured individual interview | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Within three months after scans |
| Mannion et al., 2022 [31] | 20 | Multiple | Not specified; included those with Stage IV cancer (80%) | Living with cancer Post-treatment |
Not specified | Detect progression Detect recurrence |
Semi-structured individual interview | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Pascal and Endacott 2010 [33] | 15 | Multiple | Not specified | Post-treatment | Variety including mammograms and other scans | Detect recurrence | In-depth individual interview | General | Longitudinal: Two interviews over six months, timing not specified with respect to scans |
| Sterba et al., 2015 [36] | 22 | Colorectal | I-III | Post-treatment | Not specified; regular follow up including CT and colonoscopy | Detect recurrence | Semi-structured interview in focus groups | General | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Thompson, H.S. et al., 2006 [45] | 10 | Breast | Not specified | Post-treatment | Variable as part of follow-up care; e.g., mammogram, x-ray, sonogram, CT, PET | Detect recurrence | Semi-structured individual interview | General | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Wernli et al., 2017 [32] | 41 | Breast | 0–III | Post-treatment | Mammogram and breast MRI | Detect recurrence | Semi-structured interview in focus groups | Scan-specific | Cross-sectional: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Mixed methods studies | |||||||||
| Baun et al., 2020 [37] | 38 | Breast | IV | Living with cancer | CT or combined PET/CT | Detect progression/monitor treatment response | Quantitative assessment focused on patients’ use of electronic records for test results (not anxiety) followed by semi-structured individual interviews | General | Sequential: Not specified with respect to scans |
| Bellhouse et al., 2020 [41] | 29 | NSCLC | I-III | Living with cancer | Radiotherapy planning CT and two MRI scans approximately two weeks apart | Other: Radiotherapy planning | STAI-state Claustrophobia Questionnaire (CLQ) MRI anxiety questionnaire (MRI-AQ) CT anxiety questionnaire (CT-AQ) Semi-structured individual interview after last scan |
General (STAI-S, CLQ) Scan-specific (MRI-AQ, CT-AQ, interview guide) |
Longitudinal, concurrent: Baseline and after each MRI scan |
| Bui et al., 2022 [29] | 222 | Multiple; solid tumors | III, IV | Living with cancer | CT | Detect progression Investigative |
Single item (experience scanxiety; yes/no) Modified Distress Thermometer Open-ended text response Other measures examined as correlates: six-item STAI, HADS, FOP-Q-SF |
Scan-specific (single item, modified Distress Thermometer, open text) General (FOP, STAI, HADS) |
Concurrent: Within four months after scan/scan results |
| Koo et al., 2017 [30] | 12 | Bladder | 0; non-muscle-invasive | Living with cancer Post-treatment |
Cystoscopy | Detect progression Detect recurrence |
Psychological consequences of screening questionnaire (PCQ) Customer satisfaction survey (CSS) with items on worry and discomfort from procedure Semi-structured interview in focus groups |
Scan-specific | Sequential: After cystoscopy procedure |
| Thompson, C.A. et al., 2010 [18] | 70 | Hodgkin’s lymphoma Aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
Not specified | Post-treatment | CT | Detect recurrence | STAI-trait Semi-structured individual interviews |
General (STAI) Scan-specific (interview guide) |
Concurrent: Not specified with respect to scan (mean time since last scan = 14.8 months, SD 25.3) |