Table 5.

MAPK gene signaling responses in different plants under heavy metal stress conditions.

Plant species	MAPK genes	Stress causing metals	Methods	Reference
Alfalfa	MsMMK2, MsMMK3, MsSAMK	Cadmium and copper	Complex activation pattern of MAPKs: SIMK, MMK2, MMK3, and SAMK	Jonak et al. (2004)
Rice	OsMSRMK2, OsMPK3,4, and OsMKK4	Mercury, copper, cadmium, and arsenic	Overexpression of functions of an OsMSRMK2 and MBP kinase	Agrawal et al. (2002)
	OsHMA3	Cadmium	Overexpression of a functional allele of OsHMA3	Ueno et al. (2010); Shao et al. (2018)
	OsLCT1	Cadmium	Knockdown of OsLCT1	Ueno et al. (2010)
	OsNRAMP5	Cadmium	CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of OsNRAMP5	Uraguchi et al. (2011)
	OsHMA3	Cadmium	Articulation and tissue restrictions of OsHMA3	Shao et al. (2018)
Maize	ZmMPK3	Cadmium	Signaling activation of ZmMPK3	Wang et al. (2010)