Table 3. Polysaccharides from different parts of A. venetum.
Name | Average molecular weight | Monosaccharide | Bioactivity | Mechanism | Plant part | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALRPN-1 | 1. 542 ×104 Da | Glucose | Anti-inflammatory | ALRPN-1 and ALRPN-2 exert significant anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced macrophages by regulating the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO) and cytokines (TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1 β) and activating the ERK/MAPKs signaling pathway. | A. venetum root | Liu et al. (2022) |
Galactose | ||||||
Arabinose | ||||||
ALRPN-2 | 5.105 × 103 Da | Glucose | ||||
Galactose | ||||||
Mannose | ||||||
Vp2a-II | 7 ×103 Da | – | Anticoagulant activity | Vp2a-II could inhibit blood coagulation through exogenous pathways and endogenous coagulation pathways. | A. venetum flower | Wang et al. (2022); Wang et al. (2019a); Wang et al. (2019b) |
Immunoregulatiory | Vp2a-II and Vp3 could activate RAW264.7 cells by promoting cell viability phagocytosis, and enhancing the NO secretion and mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-6 and TNF- α. Moreover, Vp2a-II and Vp3 could trigger the MAPK signaling pathway and then induce the nuclear translocation of NF- κB p65. | |||||
Vp3 | 9 × 103 Da | – | ||||
Anticoagulant activity | Vp3 could inhibit blood coagulation mainly through exogenous pathways and coagulation pathways. | |||||
ATPC-A mixture (the polysaccharide conjugates contained three components) |
5.50 × 104 Da 5.38 × 104 Da 5.67 × 103 Da |
Mannose | Emulsifying properties | – | A. venetum tea (made of A.venetum leaves) residues | Chen et al. (2022a), Chen et al. (2022b) |