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. 2023 Mar 7;11:e14966. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14966

Table 3. Polysaccharides from different parts of A. venetum.

Name Average molecular weight Monosaccharide Bioactivity Mechanism Plant part Reference
ALRPN-1 1. 542 ×104 Da Glucose Anti-inflammatory ALRPN-1 and ALRPN-2 exert significant anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced macrophages by regulating the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO) and cytokines (TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1 β) and activating the ERK/MAPKs signaling pathway. A. venetum root Liu et al. (2022)
Galactose
Arabinose
ALRPN-2 5.105 × 103 Da Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
Vp2a-II 7 ×103 Da Anticoagulant activity Vp2a-II could inhibit blood coagulation through exogenous pathways and endogenous coagulation pathways. A. venetum flower Wang et al. (2022); Wang et al. (2019a); Wang et al. (2019b)
Immunoregulatiory Vp2a-II and Vp3 could activate RAW264.7 cells by promoting cell viability phagocytosis, and enhancing the NO secretion and mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-6 and TNF- α. Moreover, Vp2a-II and Vp3 could trigger the MAPK signaling pathway and then induce the nuclear translocation of NF- κB p65.
Vp3 9 × 103 Da
Anticoagulant activity Vp3 could inhibit blood coagulation mainly through exogenous pathways and coagulation pathways.
ATPC-A mixture
(the polysaccharide conjugates contained three components)
5.50 × 104 Da
5.38 × 104 Da
5.67 × 103 Da
Mannose Emulsifying properties A. venetum tea (made of A.venetum leaves) residues Chen et al. (2022a), Chen et al. (2022b)