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. 2023 Mar 10:1–11. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02476-7

Table 2.

Logistic regression models for factors associated with elevated (≥5 µg/dL) and very elevated lead levels (≥10 µg/dL).

Elevated lead levels (≥5 µg/dL) Very elevated lead levels (≥10 µg/dL)
Crude Adjusteda Adjustedb Crude Adjusteda Adjustedb
Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI
Quintiles of population in poverty
 Lowest quintile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Second quintile 1.22 (1.05, 1.40) 1.19 (1.05, 1.35) 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) 1.33 (1.07, 1.67) 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) 1.20 (0.996, 1.45)
Middle quintile 1.41 (1.22, 1.62) 1.28 (1.13, 1.46) 1.17 (1.05, 1.30) 1.66 (1.31, 2.10) 1.42 (1.14, 1.76) 1.31 (1.08, 1.60)
Fourth quintile 1.98 (1.74, 2.26) 1.67 (1.47, 1.90) 1.33 (1.21, 1.48) 2.39 (1.95, 2.94) 1.80 (1.47, 2.20) 1.49 (1.25, 1.79)
 Highest quintile 2.62 (2.30, 2.97) 2.08 (1.82, 2.37) 1.44 (1.29, 1.60) 3.33 (2.73, 4.06) 2.26 (1.84, 2.77) 1.64 (1.36, 1.99)
Quintiles of housing built pre-1950
 Lowest quintile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Second quintile 1.42 (1.25, 1.60) 1.27 (1.11, 1.45) 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) 1.82 (1.44, 2.30) 1.68 (1.34, 2.12) 1.57 (1.27, 1.95)
Middle quintile 2.06 (1.83, 2.31) 1.67 (1.48, 1.88) 1.46 (1.31, 1.62) 2.64 (2.18, 3.21) 2.05 (1.69, 2.49) 1.78 (1.48, 2.15)
Fourth quintile 2.77 (2.46, 3.10) 2.22 (1.94, 2.53) 1.63 (1.46, 1.82) 3.92 (3.27, 4.71) 3.11 (2.57, 3.76) 2.25 (1.87, 2.71)
 Highest quintile 3.63 (3.24, 4.06) 2.88 (2.53, 3.27) 1.92 (1.70, 2.17) 5.47 (4.57, 6.54) 4.18 (3.46, 5.05) 2.69 (2.22, 3.27)

aAdjusting for gender, age at test, test method, test year, and clustering by block group.

bAdjusting for gender, age at test, test method, test year, spatial effects of lead poisoning, and clustering by block group.