Table 2.

Conventional treatments for hypertrophic scarring.

Treatment	Mechanism
Tensile reduction suture closure [142]	Reduces tension on the dermal layer when closing wound
Paper tape, silicone sheets [145,148]	Hydration, increased temperature, prevent dermal inflammation
Wound compression [146]	Reduces capillary perfusion, accelerated collagen maturation
Laser [169,170,171,172,173,174]	Destroys microvascularization, resulting in hypoperfusion and hypoxia
Silicone cream [150,151]	Hydration of the stratum corneum and cytokine-mediated signaling from keratinocytes to dermal fibroblasts
Flavonoids [150]	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial
Botulinum toxin-A [152,153,154,155,156]	Decreases proliferation, migration, and secretion of pro-fibrotic factors from fibroblasts
Scar excision [157]	Removal of affected tissue
Microneedle [159,160,161]	Disruption of existing collagen, stimulation of MMP-9 * release
Corticosteroids [145,163]	Anti-inflammatory, local vasoconstriction
Botulinum toxin-A [163,165,166]	Decreases proliferation, migration, and secretion of pro-fibrotic factors from fibroblasts

* Abbreviations: MMP-9 (metalloproteinase 9).