Table 2.

Clinical applications of ctDNA, ctRNA and EVs.

	Cancer	Markers	Technique	References
ctDNA	Breast	ERBB2, BRCA1, TP53, PIK3CA	NGS Tam-Seq	[126] [127]
	Colorectal	BRAF, KRAS, APC, TP53, CEA, and SEPTIN9	Sanger Sequencing, Epi proColon Assay	[126]
	Gastric	ERBB2, FGFR1, CDH1, PIK3CA, MET, KDR, TP53, and TFDP-1	qPCR CellSearch	[126] [128]
	Gliomas	IDH1, EGFR, KRAS, MGMT	qRT-PCR, ddPCR, BEAMing	[129]
	Head and neck	TP53, PIK3CA, NOTCH1, FBXW7, CDKN2A, NRAS and HRAS	NGS	[130,131]
	Hepatocellural	TP53, CTNNB1, PTEN, CDKN2, ARID1A, MET, CDK6, EGFR, MYC, BRAF, RAF1, FGFR1, CCNE1, PIK3CA and ERBB2	Sanger Sequencing, Mass Spectrometry, qPCR	[126]
	Lung	EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, ERBB2, PIK3CA, FGFR1, KRAS, ROS1, MET, RET and TP53	NGS ddPCR	[132,133,134]
	Pancreatic	KRAS, BRAF	NGS ddPCR WES	[131,135,136]
	Prostate	TP53, RB1, PTEN, AR, FOXA1, MYC, ERG, PIK3CA, and WNT1	CellSearch	[137]
RNA	Colorectal	miR-548c-5p, miR-21, CRNDE-h, lncRNA GAS5, miR-19, miR-221, lncRNA 91H, miR-23a, miR-1224-5p, miR-6803, Let-7a, miR-1229	qRT-PCR	[138,139,140,141]
	Gastric	lncUEGC1, lncUEGC2, HOTTIP, ZFAS1, miR-423-5p, miR-451, miR23b	qRT-PCR	[142,143,144,145]
	Pancreatic	MiR-125b-5p, miR-21, circPDE8A, miR-451a, miR-191, miR-17-5p	qRT-PCR	[146,147,148]
	Liver	hnRNPH1, LINC00161, LINC00635, TERT, miR-638, miR-125b, miR-93	qRT-PCR	[149,150,151]
	Laryngeal	HOTAIR	qRT-PCR	[152]
	Prostate	MiR-1290, miR-375, miR-125, miR-19b, SAP30L-AS1, SChLAP1, LincRNA-p21	qRT-PCR	[153,154]
	Ovarian	miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-21, miR-100, miR-326	PCR, qRT-PCR	[155]
	Lung	miR-451a, miR-23b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-10b-5p, MALAT-1	qRT-PCR	[156,157]
	Multiple Myeloma	let-7b, let-7e, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-155, miR-16, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-20a	qRT-PCR	[158]
	Glioma	miR-301a	qRT-PCR	[159]
	Glioblastoma	RNU6	qRT-PCR	[160]
EVs proteins	Colorectal	CPNE3, GPC1	ELISA	[161,162]
	Pancreatic	GPC1	Flow cytometry	[163]
	Lung	CD171, 14-3-3ζ, Flotilin 1, HER3, GRP78	ELISA	[164,165]
	Ovarian	ephrin A2	ELISA	[166]
	Prostate	ADIRF, TMEM256	Mass spectrometry	[167]
	Melanoma	exo-MIA, exo-5100B	ELISA	[168]
	Bladder	TACSTD2	ELISA	[169]
	Breast	ERBB2, BCRP, Fibronectin, Periostin, Del-1	Flow cytometry ELISA	[170,171,172]