Table 2.

Meat and seafood retail foods contaminated with C. difficile, including toxin gene profiles (toxins A, B and CDT) and ribotypes.

Product	Raw or RTE	Total No. (%) Positive	Toxin Gene Profile	Ribotype(s)	Reference
Ground pork	Raw	3/7 (41.3%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027 078	[35]
Ground pork	Raw	14/115 (12%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027 078	[36]
Ground pork	Raw	2/66 (3.0%)	A+ B+ CDT−	029	[39]
Pork meat	Raw	35/303 (11.5%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078	[136]
Pork sausages	RTE	10/16 (62.5%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027 078	[35]
Ground beef	Raw	13/26 (42.4%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027 078	[35]
Ground beef	Raw	11/53 (20.8%)	A+ B+ CDT+	M31	[118]
			A+ B+ CDT−	014 077
Ground beef	Raw	14/115 (12%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027 078	[36]
Ground beef	Raw	2/105 (1.9%)	A+ B+ CDTND	012	[37]
Ground beef	Raw	21/303 (6.9%)	A+ B+ CDT+	PA22	[136]
Beef	Raw	1/67 (1.5%)	A+ B+ CDT−	029	[39]
Beef sausages	RTE	1/7 (14.3%)	A+ B+ CDT+	027	[35]
Corned beef	RTE	1/10 (10%)	AND B+ CDTND	ND 1	[110]
Ground veal	Raw	1/7 (14.3%)	A+ B+ CDT+	M31	[118]
Turkey	Raw	44/303 (14.5%)	A+ B+ CDT+	PA01 PA05 PA16	[136]
Ground turkey	Raw	4/9 (44.4%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078	[35]
Lamb	Raw	1/16 (6.3%)	A+ B+ CDT+	045	[38]
Chicken	Raw	7/257 (2.7%)	A+ B+ CDT−	001 003 071 087	[38]
Chicken	Raw	1/67 (1.5%)	A+ B+ CDT−	029	[39]
Chicken	Raw	25/310 (8.0%)	A+ B+ CDT−	ND 1	[137]
Chicken	Raw	26/203 (12.8%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078	[23]
Chicken	Raw	24/303 (7.8%)	A+ B+ CDT+	PA05 PA16	[136]
Chicken	Raw	4/32 (12.5%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078	[110]
Chicken	RTE	1/130 (0.8%)	A+ B+ CDT−	014 020	[41]
Shellfish	Raw	118/702 (16.8%)	A+ B+ CDT+	126 475	[141]
Bivalve molluscs	Raw	26/53 (49%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078	[139]
			A+ B+ CDT−	002 012 014/020 018 001
Bivalve molluscs	Raw	36/925 (3.9%)	A+ B+ CDT+	078 126 010	[140]
			A− B+ CDT−	017 001

+: Positive; −: Negative; ¹ ND: Not determined.