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. 2023 Mar 6;13(5):998. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050998

Table 2.

Prevalence of deficiency and sufficiency by sex, age, season, years.

Optimal
(n = 4367; 39.05%)
Insufficiency
(n = 3591; 32.11%)
Deficiency
(n = 3224; 28.83%)
N (%) N (%) p-Value N (%) p-Value N (%) p-Value
Sex Male 3816 (34.12%) 1312 (30.04%) <0.0001 1239 (34.5%) 0.5634 1265 (39.23%) <0.0001
Female 7366 (65.87%) 3055 (69.95%) 2352 (65.5%) 1959 (60.76%)
Age <20 92 (0.82%) 29 (0.66%) <0.0001 25 (0.69%) <0.0001 38 (1.17%) <0.0001
20–39 1838 (16.4%) 654 (14.97%) 676 (18.82%) 508 (15.76%)
40–59 4517 (40.4%) 1955 (44.76%) 1534 (42.71%) 1028 (31.96%)
60–79 4094 (36.6%) 1562 (35.76%) 1206 (33.58%) 1326 (41.23%)
>80 641 (5.7%) 167 (3.82%) 150 (4.17%) 324 (10.07%)
COVID-19 Yes 1913 (17.11%) 662 (15.15%) <0.0001 590 (16.43%) 0.1905 661 (20.5%) <0.0001
No 9269 (82.89%) 3705 (84.85%) 3001 (83.57%) 2563 (79.5%)
Season Winter 2324 (20.8%) 901 (20.6%) <0.0001 636 (17.7%) <0.0001 787 (24.4%) <0.0001
Spring 3482 (31.1%) 1139 (26.1%) 1105 (30.8%) 1238 (38.4%)
Summer 2794 (25.0%) 1147 (26.3%) 982 (27.3%) 665 (20.6%)
Fall 2582 (23.1%) 1180 (27.0%) 868 (24.2%) 534 (16.6%)
Year 2020 2737 (24.5%) 1155 (26.4%) <0.0001 957 (26.6%) 0.0008 625 (19.4%) <0.0001
2021 5606 (50.1%) 2211 (50.6%) 1766 (49.2%) 1629 (50.5%)
2022 2839 (25.4%) 1001 (22.9%) 868 (24.2%) 970 (30.1%)