Table 1.
The effect of oral polyphenol supplementation associated with physical exercise/training on IS.
| Reference | Subjects | Polyphenol Type and Dosage | Exercise/Training Protocol | Immunological Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Carvalho et al. [65] | 13 trained males (rugby players), age 20.6 ± 1.49 y; height 180.0 ± 0.05 cm; weight 87.02 ± 8.03 kg | 308 mg of cocoa flavonols in a recovery beverage with milk (twice a day) for 7 days (total: 616 mg cocoa flavonols/d) | 5 sets of 20 drop jumps from a height of 0.6 m with a 10 s break between each jump and 2 min of recovery between each set | No differences observed in performance or oxidative stress |
| Decroix et al. [68] | 12 trained males, age 30 ± 3 y; height 177.9 ± 8.8 cm; weight 72.8 ± 7.8 kg | 300 mL of a milk beverage with 900 mg of cocoa flavonols only after exercise (1.5 h before exercise) | 30 min time trial cycling + 100 min rest + 30 min time trial cycling | ↑ Total plasma antioxidant capacity No differences observed in time of time trial test |
| Garcia-Merino et al. [70] | 42 trained males, age 35.18 ± 7.13; height 177.1 ± 5.84 cm; weight 71.9 ± 7.9 kg | 5 g of cocoa powder dissolved in semi-skimmed milk (once a day) (total: 425 mg of cocoa flavonols/d) for 10 weeks | Exercise test in treadmill until exhaustion; then, a 1 km run 15 min after the exercise test | ↓ Increment of plasma TBARS levels ↓ Increment of plasma SOD activity ↓ Increment IL-6 |
| Peschek et al. [67] | 8 trained males, 24.6 ± 5.6 y; height 182.1 ± 6.3 cm; weight 73.4 ± 7 kg | 240 mL of a beverage with 350 mg of cocoa flavonols immediately after and 2 h after exercise | 30 min of downhill running in a treadmill + 5 km time trial run after 48 h | No differences in 5 km time trial No differences in CK No differences in muscle soreness |
| Cavaretta et al. [69] | 24 trained males (elite football players), age 17.2 ± 0.7 y | 40 g dark chocolate (85% cocoa) (once a day) (DC) for 30 days | 120 min football training 6 times per week and one 90 min match per week | ↓ CK ↓ LDH ↑ Antioxidant enzymes capacity |
| Davison et al. [66] | 14 healthy males, age 22 ±1 y; weight 71.6 ± 1.6 kg | 100 g of dark chocolate (once a day) (DC) (246.8 mg CF) 2 h prior exercise bout | 2.5 h cycling (~60% VO2 max) | ↑ Insulin concentration and better glucose response ↑ Plasma total antioxidant capacity |
| Morgan et al. (2018) [72] | 10 healthy males, age 22.8 ± 3 y; height 1.84 ± 0.59 m; weight 85.3 ± 12 kg | 330 mL (once a day) of cacao juice (74 mg CF) for 10 days | 3 × 3 s single leg knee extension (isocinetic dinamometer) + 3 × CMJ + 10 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% concentric 1 RM on day 8 of supplementation | ↑ Recovery of explosive power |
| Lima et al. [73] | 30 healthy males, age 22.3 ± 2.6 y; height 176.6 ± 6,4 cm; weight 77.1 ± 10.5 kg | 240 mL (twice a day) of antioxidant juice (each dose with 58 mg anthocyanins. Total: 116 mg anthocyanins/d), 4 days prior, the day of, and 4 days following downhill test |
Downhill running (−15%) for 30 min at 70% VO2 max | ↓ MS ↓ CK ↑ Isometric peak torque ↑ Muscle recovery |
| Drummer et al. [74] | 7 trained males, age 22.9 ± 4.1 y; height 180 ± 0.1 cm; weight 81.7 ± 13.2 kg | 30 mL (twice a day) of concentrated Montmorrency cherry juice (each shot with 320 mg anthocyanins; total: 640 mg anthocyanins/d) for 10 days | 1 bout of unilateral resistance exercise | No differences in MS, IL-6 secretion, or monocyte subset responses |
| Gasparrini et al. [17] | In vitro (RAW 264.7 macrophagues) | Strawberry extract (final concentration 100 µg/mL) in different concentrations | - | ↑ Antioxidant defenses modulated the antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GR, GST) ↑ Inflammatory response reduced NF-kB, pIkBα, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS |
| Jajtner et al. [75] | 38 untrained males, age 21.8 ± 2.5 y; height 171.2 ± 5.5 cm; weight 71.2 ± 8.2 kg | 1 g (twice a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in a capsule for 28 days (each capsule with 50–80 mg de EGCG; total: 2 g polyphenol/day) | 6 sets of 10 repetitions of squats; 4 sets of 10 repetitions of the leg press and leg extension | ↑ CK ↓ IL-8 intramuscular |
| Hadi et al. [76] | 54 trained males (soccer players), age 29.9 ± 1.43 y; height 180.88 ± 6.06 cm; weight 74.12 ± 8.62 kg | 450 mg (once a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in capsules for 6 weeks | Continued with regular soccer trainning | ↓ MDA levels No differences in muscle damage indices |
| Chi-Kuo et al. [77] | 40 healthy males, age 20 ± 1 y; height 172 ± 5.5 cm; weight 66 ± 8.1 kg | 250 mg (once a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in capsules for 4 weeks | 20 min moderate-intensity cycling (75% VO2 max) 3 × week | ↑ Run time to exaustion ↑ Total antioxidant capacity ↓ CK |
| Jówko et al. [78] | 16 trained males, age 21.6 ± 1.5 y; height 180.5 ± 6.2 cm; weight 76.9 ± 6.4 kg | 250 mg (2 capsules, twice a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in capsules for 4 weeks (each capsule with 245 mg polyphenols—200 mg catechins and 137 mg EGC-3-galate. Total: 980 mg polyphenols/day) | 2 repeated cycle sprints (4 × 15 s, with 1 min rest intervals) | ↑ Total antioxidant capacity at rest ↓ MDA levels after exercise |
| Da Silva et al. [79] | 20 untrained males, age 25 ± 5 y; height 173 ± 6 cm; weight 76 ± 9 kg | 500 mg (once a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in capsules for 15 days | Calf raising until exhaustion | ↓ CK No effects in delayed onset muscle soreness sensation |
| Bagheri et al. [80] | 30 overweight females, age 38.3 ± 3.16 y | 500 mg (once a day) of oral Camelia sinensis extract in capsules for 8 weeks | Endurance training 3 x/week | ↓ Body weight, body mass index, waist to hip ratio and fat percentage ↓hs-PCR ↑ Adiponectin |
| McFarlin et al. [81] | 28 healthy males and females, age 20 ± 2 y; height 168 ± 9 cm; body fat 24 ± 12.1% | 400 mg (once a day) of oral Curcumin supplementation for 6 days | 6 sets of 10 repetitions of the leg press exercise with a beginning load set at 110% of their estimated 1 RM | Curcumin Group: 2 days after: ↓~18% IL-8 4 days after: ↓~69% CK ↓~23% TNF-α |
| Tanabe et al. [82] | 14 untrained young men, age 24 ± 1 y; height 172.1 ± 7.5 cm; weight 65.2 ± 11.3 kg | 300 mg (150 mg 1 h before and 150 mg 12 h after eccentric exercise) of oral Curcumin supplementation | 50 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors | Curcumin Group: ↓~56% CK 96 h post-exercise |
| Tanabe et al. [83] | 10 healthy males, age 29 ± 3.9 y; height 172.6 ± 5.1 cm; body fat 20 ± 5.6% | 90 mg (twice a day) of oral Curcumin supplementation for 7 days | 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow | Curcumin Group: ↓ VAS 3, 4, 5. and 6 days post-exercise ↓ CK 5, 6, and 7 days post-exercise |
| Basham et al. [84] | 20 healthy males, age 21.7 ± 2.9 y; height 177.7 ± 7.4 cm; weight 83.7 ± 12.4 kg | 1.5 g (once a day) of oral Curcumin supplementation for 28 days | 15 min of continuous sitting with one leg at a height of 42 cm using an aerobic step bench with a cadence of 15 sit-stand repetitions/min for a total of 225 repetitions | Curcumin Group: ↓~30% CK post-exercise |
| Mallard et al. [85] | 27 trained males, age 26 ± 5 y; height 184 ± 7 cm; weight 86.42 ±10.8 kg | 450 mg (once a day) of oral Curcumin extract 30 min after exercise | 4 sets of leg press at 80% 1 RM until exhaustion | ↓ MS 48 h and 72 h post-exercise ↓ Thigh circumference 24 h and 48 h and post-exercise ↓ Lactate concentration ↑ IL-10 e IL-6 |
| Takahashi et al. [86] | 10 healthy males, age 26.8 ± 2 y; height 173 ± 5 cm; weight 67.7 ± 5.3 kg | 90 mg of oral Curcumin extract 2 h before exercise OR 90 mg of oral Curcumin extract 2 h before and immediately after exercise | Walk (or run) at 65% VO2 max for 60 min | ↓ d-ROMS and TRX-1 ↑ Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) ↑ Reduced glutathione (GSH) |
| Nicol et al. [87] | 17 healthy males, age 33.8 ± 5.4 y; weight 83.9 ± 10 kg | 2.5 g (twice a day) of oral Curcumin extract 2.5 days prior and 2.5 after exercise | 7 sets of 10 eccentric single-leg press repetitions | ↓ MS 24 and 48 h post-exercise ↓ CK activity 24 and 48 h post-exercise |
| Duranti et al. [88] | 14 men, age 25.5 ± 0.8 y; height 179 ± 10 cm; BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2 | 2 capsules containing 500 mg (twice a day) of Quercetin supplementation for 14 days | Completing maximal lengthening contractions of the upper limb at the isokinetic dynamometer | Quercetin Group: post-exercise ↓ 30.3% GSSG ↑33.9%GSH/GSSG ↓ 31.9% TBARS |
| Bazzucchi et al. [89] | 20 young men, age 26.1 ± 3.1 y; height 179 ± 4 cm; weight 75.1 ± 7.1 kg | 500 mg at breakfast and 500 mg 12 h later of oral capsules of Quercetin supplementation for 14 days | 10 bouts of 10 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors; each set was separated by a 30 s rest | Quercetin Group: ↓ 19.6% LDH 24 h post-exercise ↓ 12.5% LDH 48 h post-exercise ↓ 17.5% LDH 72 h post-exercise ↓ 52.7% CK 48 h post-exercise ↓ 78.6% CK 72 h post-exercise |
| Bazzucchi et al. [90] | 16 men, age 25.9 ± 3.1 y; BMI 23.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2 | 2 capsules containing 500 mg (twice a day) of Quercetin supplementation for 14 days | 10 bouts of 10 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors; each set was separated by a 30 s rest | Quercetin Group: ↓ LDH 48, 72, and 96 h post-exercise ↓ CK 72 and 96 h post-exercise |
| Sgrò et al. [91] | 12 healthy moderately active young men, age 25.6 ± 3.8 y; weight 77.4 ± 5.11 kg; BMI 24.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2 | 500 mg at breakfast and 500 mg 12 h later of oral capsules of Quercetin supplementation for 14 days | 10 bouts of 10 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors; each set was separated by a 30 s rest | Quercetin Group: ↓ CK 72 and 96 h post-exercise ↓ LDH 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and 7 days’ post-exercise ↓ IL-6 48 and 72 h post-exercise |
| Scribbans et al. [92] | 16 recreationally active men, age~22 ± 1 y; VO2 max~51 mL/kg/min | Pills of 150 mg of oral Resveratrol supplementation 15 min after exercise (training days) OR breakfast (nonexercised days) for 28 days | Eight 20 s intervals at 170% of peak aerobic work rate (WRpeak) separated by 10 s of rest. Three training sessions were completed per week over the 4 week intervention period | Resveratrol Group: ↓ PGC-1α mRNA ↓ SIRT1 mRNA ↓ SOD2 mRNA |
| Goulart et al. [93] | 20 Judo athletes, age 17.8 ± 2.2 y; height 165 ± 0.1 cm; body fat 13.8 ± 8% | Drink 400 mL (once a day) of grape juice for 14 days | Kimono Grip Strength Test (maximum number of repetitions while holding the judogi) | Grape Juice Group: ↓ 10% Lipid Peroxidation ↓ 19% DNA damage ↓ 80% SOD activity |
| Martins et al. [94] | 12 male volleyball players, age 16 ± 0.6 y; height 186.6 cm ± 8.41 cm; body fat 14 ± 3.3% | Drink 400 mL (once a day) of grape juice for 14 days | Handgrip strength was evaluated using a hydraulic dynamometer. The athletes performed three repetitions in each hand (right and left) with an interval of 60 s between them | Grape Juice Group: ↓ Lipid Peroxidation ↓ DNA damage |
Acronyms: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; CK, creatine kinase; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; TNF-α, tumor necrose factor alpha; VAS, visual analog scale; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; SOD, superoxide dismutase; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; TT, time trial; MS, muscle soreness; MDA, malondialdehyde; hs-PCR, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; d-ROMS, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; TRX-1, plasma thioredoxin-1; CF, cocoa flavonols; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; GSH, reduced glutathione; GR, glutathione reductase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator; SIRT1, sirtuína 1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthetase; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa B; pIkBα, phospho-inhibitory subunit of NF-KBα.