Table 2.

Selected clinical trials for immune cell-based therapies targeting CSC-related tumor antigens.

Specificity /Generic Name	Description	Tumor Entity Tested	Clinical Trials	References
CD44v6	CAR-T cells	CD44v6 positive stomach cancer, lymphosarcoma	Phase I/II; NCT04427449 No results were posted.
CD44v6	MLM-CAR44.1 T cells; CD44v6 CAR-T cells were genetically modified to express herpes simplex virus (HSV)-TK Mut2 suicide gene to minimize toxicity	AML, Multiple Myeloma	Phase I/II; NCT04097301 Outcome: terminated due to the inability to close the study in a clinically relevant time frame.	[230]
CD133	CAR-T cells	Relapsed and/or chemotherapy refractory advanced malignancies (liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain tumor, breast cancer, ovarian tumor, colorectal cancer, acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia)	Phase I/II; NCT02541370 Outcome: out of 21 enrolled patients, 1 had a partial response, 14 had stable disease during 2–16.3 months, and 6 progressed after treatment start; hyperbilirubinemia was the most common high-grade adverse event	[231]
CD38-CART/ CD33-CART/ CD56-CART/ CD123-CART/ CD117-CART/ CD133-CART/ CD34-CART/ MUCl-CART	single CAR-T or double CAR-T cells with CD33,CD38, CD56,CD123, CD117,CD133, CD34 or MUCl	AML	Phase: n/a; NCT03473457 Outcome: terminated because the therapeutic effect was not as expected. No results were posted
EpCAM	CAR-T cells	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer and other EpCAM positive solid tumors	Phase I; NCT02915445 No results were posted
EpCAM- and TM4SF1	CAR-T cells	Refractory/recurrent advanced pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer or lung cancer	Phase: n/a; NCT04151186 No results were posted
CD123	CAR-NK cells	AML	Phase: I; NCT05574608 No results were posted
MUC1	CAR-NK cells	MUC1 positive relapsed or refractory solid tumor	Phase I/II; NCT02839954 No results were posted
CD123	Preconditioning (lymphodepletion) with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by treatment with UniCAR-T and CD123 TM	Relapsed/refractory AML	Phase I; NCT04230265 Outcome: the initial results suggest that the treatment is well tolerated with mild adverse effects; out of three treated patients, one patient had a partial remission and two patients had complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery	[220]