Table 1.

Description of the studies included in the present systematic review.

Author(s), Year	Country	Study Setting	Medical Conditions	Sample Size	Age (Years)
Wuorela et al., 2020 [18]	Finland	Community	No specific conditions (men only)	1008	70.0 ± 0.0 *
Godaert et al., 2018 [11]	France	Hospital, emergency	Hospitalised for an acute condition	223	85.1 ± 5.5 *
Godard-Sebillotte et al., 2016 [12]	France	Hospital, emergency	Hospitalised for an acute condition	223	85.1 ± 5.5 *
Mavaddat et al., 2016 [19]	England and Wales	Community including care homes	No specific conditions	11,957	74.8 ± 6.6 *
Brown et al., 2015 [20]	USA	Community	No specific conditions; exclusion of end-stage renal disease at baseline	191,001	75.0 ± x.x *
Gurland et al., 2014 [21]	USA	Community	No specific conditions	2128	76.0 ± 5.8 *
Shen et al., 2014 [15]	Hong Kong	Health centres	No specific conditions	66,814	≥65
Fernández-Ruiz et al., 2013 [22]	Spain	Community	No specific conditions	4958	74.1 ± 6.8 *
Puts et al., 2013 [2]	Canada	Hospital	Cancer	112	74.2 ± 6.0 *
Ernstein et al., 2011 [23]	Norway	Community	No specific conditions; exclusion of cardiovascular disease at baseline	5808	76.0 ± 4.9 *
Khang et al., 2010 [24]	Korea	Community	No specific conditions	1448	≥65
Ford et al., 2008 [25]	Australia	Community	No specific conditions (women only)	12,422	70–75 ♦
Johansson et al., 2008 [26]	Sweden	Community	Presence of signs or symptoms associated with chronic heart failure	448	73.0 ± 5.6 *
Okamoto et al., 2008 [27]	Japan	Community	No specific conditions	784	≥65
Lee et al., 2007 [28]	USA	Community	No specific conditions	6298	≥70
Van den Brink et al., 2005 [29]	Finland, Italy, and Netherlands	Community	No specific conditions (men only)	1141	76.5 ± 4.4 *
Baron-Epel et al., 2004 [30]	Israel	Community	No specific conditions	1138	77.5 (70–101) #
Walker et al., 2004 [31]	Canada	Community	No specific conditions	8697	75.7 ± 7.1 *
Bath, 2003 [32]	UK	Community	No specific conditions	1042	≥65
Helmer et al., 1999 [33]	France	Community	No specific conditions	3660	75.2 (65–101) #
Yu et al., 1998 [17]	Shanghai	Community	No specific conditions	3094	≥65
Leung et al., 1997 [34]	Taiwan	Long-term facility	No specific conditions	411	77.5 ± x.x *
Schoenfeld et al., 1994 [35]	USA	Community	Aging successfully	1037	70–79 ♦
Tsuji et al., 1994 [16]	Japan	Community	No specific conditions	2252	65–113 ♦
Pijls et al., 1993 [13]	Netherlands	Community	No specific conditions (men only)	783	65–85 ♦
Rakowski et al., 1993 [14]	USA	Community	No specific conditions	5630	≥70

* mean ± standard deviation; ^# mean (range); ^♦ range; x: not defined.