Table 2.
Association between MIA using LPS and immune disorders caused by postnatal inflammatory stimuli.
| Literature Authors (Year) (Ref#) |
Species | Treatment of Pregnant Dam | Postnatal Treatment of Offspring | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Stimulation (μg/kg/dose) |
Period (Gestational Day, GD) |
Second Stimulation | Period (Postnatal Day, PD) | Findings | Histopathology | Assumed Pathogenesis | ||
| Lasaka et al. (2007) [83] |
Rat | LPS (500) |
Third trimester (GD 18) |
LPS | PD 21 | Decrease in IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum | NE | ND |
| Surriga et al. (2009) [73] | Rat | LPS (500) |
Third trimester (GD 18) |
LPS | PD 21 | Decrease in IL6 mRNA expression in the liver | NE | Suppression of MAPK P42/44 |
| Basta-Kaim et al. (2012) [77] | Rat | LPS (1000) |
Second to third trimester (Every 2days from GD 7) |
Concanavalin A | PD 30 and 90 | Increase in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in vitro | NE | Increased proliferative activity of splenocytes |
| Kirsten et al. (2013) [75] | Rat | LPS (100) |
Second trimester (GD 9) |
LPS | PD 60-67 | Increase in IL-1β in serum | NE | Glucocorticoid dysregulation |
| Zager et al. (2013) [85] |
Mouse | LPS (120) |
Third trimester (GD 17) |
LPS | PD 70 | Increase in IL-12 in vitro | NE | Skewing of the cytokine balance towards Th1 |
| Hsueh et al. (2017) [75] |
Mouse | LPS (25, 25, 50) |
Third trimester (GD 15, 16 and 17) |
LPS | PD 56 | Increase in IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in serum | NE | Increase in MCP-1 level |
| Adams et al. (2020) [82] |
Mouse | LPS (10) |
First to third trimester (GD 0, 7, 14) |
LPS | PD 49 | Increase in IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the spleen | NE | Glucocorticoid dysregulation |
MIA, maternal immune activation; LPS, lipopolysaccharide, NE: not examined, ND: not determined.