Table 1.
Cephalometric landmarks used in this study.
| Landmarks | Definition |
|---|---|
| Porion (Po) | The most superior point of the anatomical image of the external auditory canal. |
| Orbitale (Or) | The lowest point of the inferior orbital margin. |
| Sub-spinale (point A) | The most concave point of the bone between anterior nasal spine and upper alveolar margin. |
| Pogonion (Pog) | The most protruding point of the chin. |
| Columella (Cm) | The most prominent point below the nasal contour at the junction with the nasal tip. |
| Sub-nasale (Sn) | The junction of the nasal columella with the upper lip. |
| Labrale superius (UL) | The most prominent point on the upper lip. |
| Stomion superius (Stms) | The lowest point of the upper lip vermilion margin. |
| Stomion inferius (Stmi) | The highest point of the lower lip vermilion margin. |
| Labrale inferius (LL) | The most prominent point on the lower lip. |
| Mento-labial sulcus (Si) | The most concave point between the chin and lower lip. |
| Pogonion of soft tissue (Pog’) | The most anterior point of soft tissue of the chin. |
| Menton of soft tissue (Me’) | The lowest point of soft tissue of the chin. |