Table 3.

Description of the audit features included within the studies performed on telemedicine services.

Study	Procedure	Recipients	N	Collected Data
Morris C., Scott E., Mars M., 2022 [23]	An audit was performed to assess the nature and content of the information sent to dermatologists by referring doctors. A 43 item questionnaire was administered to collect information related to the service.	Service Users Medical Specialist (Dermatologists) Referring doctors	1034 messages sent. 830 answers received. 81 responses to questionnaires	Demographics, technical issues response times, satisfaction, consultations, consent and guidelines, data security.
Biscak T.M. et al., 2013 [24]	An audit was conducted to evaluate all teledermatology consultations. A retrospective questionnaire was administered to obtain feedback from the clinicians who used the service during the audit period.	Consultations Referring doctors	685 emails analysed 34 responses to questionnaire	Consultation diagnosis satisfaction
Miller B.J. et al., 2020 [25]	An audit of the tele dermatology clinic was performed via a retrospective chart review of all referrals to the clinic for a two-year period (September 2015 to October 2017).	Consultations	483 consultations for 178 patients.	Demographics, service activity and wait times, urgency category assigned to videoconferencing patients, diagnoses
McWilliams T. et al., 2016 [26]	A retrospective chart audit identified activity, avoided unnecessary acute and scar review patient transfers, inpatient bed days, and their associated avoided costs to the tertiary burn unit and patient travel funding.	Caregivers of patients	904 patients	Avoided unnecessary acute and scar review, patient transfers, inpatient bed days and their associated avoided costs to the tertiary burn unit.
Biggs K. et al., 2010 [27]	Every email sent to the web-linked email account was identified and analyzed to determinate its content and sender classification.	General Practitioners Health care workers	324 emails analysed.	Email nature and information requested by the sender
NG L., Narayanan N.,Diamond D., Pitigala N., 2022 [28]	A clinical audit was conducted on data from electronic psychiatric clinical assessment forms, to compare two randomly selected group (2020 vs. 2019 group)	Service Users	413 service users during 2020. 785 service users during 2019.	First group: Demographics, Technology Diagnoses, psychological issues, follow-up. Second group: Same 1st group variables plus psychological COVID-19 related issues.
Harvey R. et al., 1998 [29]	General information was collected on every caller. Calls were divided into two main groups: a “registered” group and a “generic” one. Only the first group received specific clinical advice via a letter to their GP.	Service Users	1121 calls received	Demographics, relationship between caller and patient, consultation
Handschu et al., 2014 [30]	Data recording by teleconsultations and all thrombolysis cases, as well as technical data and service complaints within the network, was implemented.	Consulting Physicians Physicians in local hospitals Patients	2049 stroke teleconsultation in 2009 2324 patients in 2011 4517 patients seen in all local hospital.	Demographics, Consultation, Thrombolysis procedure informations. Deviations/key notes for improvement in internal audits from 2009 to 2011.
Haydon H.M. et al., 2021 [31]	Geri-Connect service activity data (2017–2020) were analysed to investigate the growth and reach of the service. The Model for the Assessment of Telemedicine (MAST, with these domains: Health problem and characteristics, clinical effectiveness, economic, organisational, scalability and generalisability). Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders provided staff perspectives on the utility and barriers.	Clinicians	Data resulting for each of the 5 MAST domain. 10 phone interviews	Health problem and characteristic, clinical effectiveness, staff perception of patients, organizational aspects, scalability, generalizability.
Kennedy C. et al., 2006 [32]	Telemedicine website activity was monitored by a site supervisor. On this site referring doctors could upload brief case histories, problems, and treatment to seek the advice of a specialist.	Service Users	132 cases posted to the website	Number, types of cases and additional information were analysed.
Patel A. et al., 2020 [33]	An audit of 500 consecutive telephone low vision appointments was performed. The successful completion of the assessment and clinical outcomes (low vision aids prescribed, onward referral) were recorded.	Consultations Service Users	364 completed telephone low vision assessment	Participants diagnosis, Consultations. Patient lifestyle information. Social situation, employment and education.
O’Day et al., 2016 [34]	Two five-month audits were conducted. The first was conducted prior to the implementation of the intervention (2012), while the second was conducted during the period of intervention (2014).	Consultations	Number of video-consultations performed between the 2 audit periods	Differences between the 2 audits in: demographics, diagnosis, consultation, follow-up plan and technology
Bartnik et al., 2018 [35]	A retrospective audit was performed through the use of a data extraction tool to record information from all tele ophthalmology consultations performed in the time period (2015–2016).	Consultations	709 patients referring to the service. 683 teleconsultations.	Diagnosis, consultations, cataract surgery rate, remoteness area of patients referred and imaging accompanying the referral.
Owen J. et al., 2022 [36]	A retrospective audit of exercise physiology services was conducted comparing Australian practises before (prior to 25 January 2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (after 25 January 2020). Relevant dimensions of the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption and implementation) framework were adopted.	Physiology clinicians	80 online survey completed	Clinicians and patients demographics, usual practise (prior to 25 January 2020) and changes to practise (after 25 January 2020), Consultations, Technology.
Navein J., Hagmann J., Ellis J. 1997 [37]	Data were collected using evaluation forms that were completed by referring and consulting physicians at the time of the consult and through structured interviews with referring physicians.	Referring/Consulting clinicians Patients	53 consults 47 patients by seven GMOs/PAs	Demographics, technology and questions about: change in diagnosis/treatment and change in evacuation status resulting from the consult, improvement in the referring physician’s confidence, improvement in the military effectiveness of the unit.
Dunkerley S. et al., 2020 [38]	After the individuation of the four most relevant BOAST standards: an audit was designed around fracture immobilisation, the type of initial fracture clinic assessment, the default virtual follow-up clinic, and late imaging. Interventions were implemented and re-audited.	Referring/Consulting clinicians Patients	223 patients	Emprovement in BOAST standards
Beard M., Orlando J.F., Kumar S. 2017 [39]	Data were recorded from all consultations managed using a videoconferencing technology between the Royal Adelaide Hospital and Port Augusta Community Health Service, South Australia between September 2013 and January 2014. Data were compared to a previous SAC clinic between August and December 2012.	Consultations	41 participants in the SAC-T and 22 consultations in the SAC-O.	Analysis of process, service activity, clinical actions, safety and costs, demographics, clinical details.
Vitacca et al., 2010 [40]	Administrative and medical records from the TA service were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ records were taken from the electronic database of the ‘‘Salvatore Maugeri Foundation’’ TA Service in Lumezzane (Brescia). Administrative and medical records from the TA service were retrospectively reviewed.	Patients	396 consecutive CRF patients were analyzed.	Demographics, call characteristics, time of staff activity, salary cost evaluation, cost of the service.
Williams M. 2020 [41]	An audit of a telehealth service for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus at four rural sites. A feedback survey was administered to satisfaction with the telehealth service, with preference for in-person or telehealth consultation, and any concerns regarding deficits in care and suggestions for improvements.	Referring/Consulting clinicians Patients	19 children and adolescents aged 2–17 years were seen in the rural telehealth clinics.	Growth, information, and requirements of telehealth. Satisfaction, preference for in-person or telehealth consultation, deficit in care and suggestions for improvements.
Webster et al., 2008 [42]	Data collection forms were constructed and used at the Police College and in Aberdeen from November 2004 to February 2006. Problems were classified as either illness or injury, based on the main presenting complaint. In addition, the Police College conducted an informal interview with people who had used the service.	Consultations Service Users	192 patients, 97 teleconsultations. 66 satisfaction interviews for students and staff	Date of presentation, date of injury, problem type, management, treatment, follow-up and referral for physiotherapy. Satisfaction.
Alkmim M.B.M et al., 2015 [43]	A random sample was selected from medical and non-medical teleconsultations performed by the specialists from the TNMG. All responses were scored according to their impact on the quality of the teleconsultation.	Service Users	640 teleconsultation responses (medical:76% non-medical: 24%)	Objectivity, quality, ethics, courtesy
Jury S.C., Kornberg J.A. 2016 [47]	A one-month audit of booked telehealth was completed, looking for anything that impacted on the delivery or billing of telehealth. Each clinician was also asked for feedback on the day of their consultation.	Clinicians	125 clinician feedback	Clinician feedback on telehealth appointments, Billing, Scheduling, and requesting telehealth.