Table 7.
Relationships between Caregiver Sociodemographics and Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of PwD.
| Variables | Caregiver Burden | Depressive Symptoms | Anxiety Symptoms | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | ST | p | Mean (SD) | ST | p | Mean (SD) | ST | p | |
| Caregiver’s age (years) | - | −0.15 1 | 0.19 | - | −0.36 1 | 0.00 ** | - | −0.27 1 | 0.02 * |
| Caregiver’s Gender | −0.43 2 | 0.67 | −1.84 2 | 0.07 | −0.46 2 | 0.65 | |||
| Male | 31.85 (17.26) | 5.38 (5.38) | 5.00 (5.06) | ||||||
| Female | 33.79 (19.50) | 7.89 (6.49) | 5.61 (5.79) | ||||||
| Caregiver’s Ethnicity | 0.68 3 | 0.58 | 1.86 3 | 0.19 | 0.44 3 | 0.73 | |||
| Malay | 35.15 (15.78) | 8.93 (6.11) | 6.07 (5.80) | ||||||
| Chinese | 35.34 (17.18) | 5.34 (5.42) | 5.69 (5.69) | ||||||
| Indian | 27.55 (21.87) | 6.41 (5.99) | 4.32 (5.04) | ||||||
| Others | 35.00 (30.01) | 11.25 (10.81) | 5.00 (6.63) | ||||||
| Caregiver’s Religion | 0.99 3 | 0.43 | 1.89 3 | 0.11 | 1.14 3 | 0.35 | |||
| Islam | 36.76 (16.69) | 9.72 (6.60) | 6.34 (5.78) | ||||||
| Buddhism | 33.74 (21.24) | 5.58 (6.14) | 5.58 (6.43) | ||||||
| Christian | 30.31 (16.91) | 4.46 (4.52) | 2.85 (3.13) | ||||||
| Hinduism | 26.56 (21.93) | 6.56 (6.20) | 5.25 (5.47) | ||||||
| Others | 21.00 (-) | 4.00 (-) | - | ||||||
| None | 43.25 (6.65) | 6.75 (5.38) | 8.25 (4.72) | ||||||
| Caregiver’s Education Level | −0.02 1 | 0.87 | −0.01 1 | 0.97 | −0.13 1 | 0.25 | |||
| Caregiver’s Marital Status | 0.66 2 | 0.51 | 7.64 (7.46) 6.86 (5.69) |
0.52 2 | 0.61 | 6.36 (5.40) 5.00 (5.60) |
1.02 2 | 0.31 | |
| Single/separated/ | 35.24 (19.02) | ||||||||
| divorced/widowed | 32.26 (18.71) | ||||||||
| Married/cohabitation | |||||||||
| Caregiver’s Employment Status | 1.67 3 | 0.18 | 5.17 3 | 0.01 * | 3.97 3 | 0.02 * | |||
| Full-time employment | 31.21 (20.69) | 10.00 (7.23) | 6.12 (6.70) | ||||||
| Part-time employment | 39.67 (17.18) | 7.23 (5.36) | 6.33 (4.12) | ||||||
| Unemployed | 38.27 (17.61) | 3.65 (3.02) | 6.18 (4.98) | ||||||
| Retired | 27.06 (18.74) | 7.10 (6.24) | 2.53 (3.26) | ||||||
| Caregiver’s Monthly Household Income | - | 0.06 4 | 0.58 | - | 0.08 4 | 0.47 | - | −0.04 4 | 0.72 |
| Caregiver’s Perceived Financial Status | 0.30 2 | 0.77 | −0.17 2 | 0.86 | −1.02 2 | 0.31 | |||
| Problematic | 34.08 (18.21) | 6.92 (5.97) | 4.50 (4.66) | ||||||
| Non-problematic | 32.75 (19.12) | 7.18 (6.41) | 5.84 (5.90) | ||||||
| Caregiver–Patient | −1.69 2 | 0.10 | −2.99 2 | 0.00 ** | −2.08 2 | 0.04 * | |||
| Relationship | |||||||||
| Spousal | 27.29 (16.64) | 4.29 (4.34) | 3.29 (4.78) | ||||||
| Non-spousal | 35.20 (19.11) | 8.07 (6.53) | 6.15 (5.63) | ||||||
| Caregiving Duration (hrs/d) | - | −0.10 1 | 0.40 | - | −0.17 1 | 0.13 | - | 0.21 | |
| Sharing of Caregiving | 0.39 2 | 0.70 | 1.07 2 | 0.29 | −0.47 2 | 0.64 | |||
| Shared | 33.68 (17.93) | 7.56 (6.62) | 5.59 (5.37) | ||||||
| Unshared | 31.87 (21.03) | 5.91 (5.09) | 4.96 (6.06) | ||||||
SD = Standard deviation; ST = Statistical test; p = p-value. 1 = Pearson correlation; 2 = Independent t-test; 3 = One-way ANOVA; 4 = Spearman correlation. * = p-value < 0.05; ** = p-value < 0.01.