Table 11.
Hierarchical General Linear Model Analysis for Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of PwD.
| Variables | R2 | Adj. R2 | β (95% CI) | p | Tolerance | VIF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 4 | 0.71 | 0.58 | ||||
| Patient’s age | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.16) | 0.68 | 0.58 | 1.74 | ||
| Patient’s gender (Female) | −1.30 (−3.76, 1.15) | 0.29 | 0.68 | 1.47 | ||
| Patient’s ethnicity (Malay) | 0.46 | 2.02 | ||||
| Chinese | 6.22 (−5.09, 17.53) | 0.28 | ||||
| Indian | 6.94 (−5.35, 19.23) | 0.26 | ||||
| Others | 7.59 (1.09, 14.10) * | 0.02 | ||||
| Caregiver’s age | −0.15 (−0.29, −0.02) * | 0.03 | 0.30 | 3.29 | ||
| Caregiver’s gender (Female) | −2.48 (−4.88, −0.07) * | 0.04 | 0.78 | 1.27 | ||
| Caregiver’s religion (Islam) | 0.52 | 1.94 | ||||
| Buddhism | −7.63 (−18.59, 3.33) | 0.17 | ||||
| Christian | −6.62 (−18.39, 5.14) | 0.26 | ||||
| Hinduism | −6.75 (−19.20, 5.70) | 0.28 | ||||
| Others | −1.32 (−14.65, 12.01) | 0.84 | ||||
| None | −8.96 (−20.81, 2.89) | 0.14 | ||||
| Caregiver’s employment status (Unemployment) | 0.68 | 1.46 | ||||
| Full-time employment | −0.42 (−3.19, 2.36) | 0.77 | ||||
| Part-time employment | 0.73 (−3.08, 4.55) | 0.70 | ||||
| Retirement | −0.56 (−4.29, 3.17) | 0.76 | ||||
| Caregiver–patient relationship (Spousal) | −1.30 (−6.13, 3.53) | 0.59 | 0.24 | 4.16 | ||
| Caregiving duration | 0.04 (−0.13, 0.22) | 0.62 | 0.50 | 2.01 | ||
| History of psychiatric ward admission (Presence) | 0.31 (−3.47, 4.09) | 0.14 | 0.88 | 1.14 | ||
| Types of dementia (Alzheimer’s disease) | 0.86 | 1.17 | ||||
| Vascular dementia | 2.18 (−0.71, 5.08) | 0.14 | ||||
| MVAD | 1.99 (−0.35, 4.32) | 0.09 | ||||
| Other aetiologies | 0.30 (−5.59, 6.19) | 0.92 | ||||
| BPSD (Presence) | 1.40 (−0.83, 3.62) | 0.21 | 0.87 | 1.15 | ||
| Psychological flexibility | 0.32 (0.22, 0.43) ** | 0.00 | 0.76 | 1.31 | ||
| Mindfulness | = 0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | 0.08 | 0.72 | 1.38 |
R2 = Percentage of variance explained by the model; Adj R2 = Adjusted percentage of variance explained by the model; β = Standardized regression coefficient; CI = Confidence interval; p = p-value; VIF = Variance inflation factor. Note: VIF > 5 suggests a collinearity issue. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01.