Table 2.
Quality Index for Included Studies.
| Studies | Reporting | External Validity | Internal Validity-Bias | Internal Validity-Confounding | Total Score | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
| Aloraini et al. (2019) [43] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Ardakani et al. (2015) [44] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 6 |
| Baniasadi et al. (2018) [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Chiviacowsky et al. (2010) [45] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | U | 1 | U | 5 |
| de Bruin et al. (2009) [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 7 |
| de Melker Worms et al. (2017) [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Hagh et al. (2013) [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 8 |
| Mak et al. (2019) [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Mak, Young, Chan, et al. (2020) [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Mak, Young, and Wong (2020) [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Makaruk et al. (2015) [50] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| McNevin et al. (2013) [17] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Pinto et al. (2021) [51] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 9 |
| Richer and Lajoie (2020) [52] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Richer et al. (2017) [53] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Richer et al. (2020) [54] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Sangari et al. (2018) [55] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | U | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 7 |
| Yogev-Seligmann et al. (2017) [56] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Note: U—unable to determine. Please refer to Table 1 for detailed description of items 1–12.