Table 2.

Clinical studies and ongoing trials of the combined treatment of vascular targeting and immunotherapy.

Drug	Target	Cancer Type	Clinical Response
Bevacizumab	VEGF	renal cell carcinoma	Elevated Safety profile Prolonged PFS vs. sunitinib [139]
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
Axitinib	VEGFR1, R2, and R3	renal-cell carcinoma	Prolonged PFS vs. sunitinib Longer OS than sunitinib Higher objective response rate [134]
Pembrolizumab	PD-1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	relapsed ovarian cancer	Enhanced activity in the platinum-sensitive group [135]
Nivolumab	PD-1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	hepatocellular carcinoma	Prolonged PFS vs. sorafenib Longer OS than sorafenib [136]
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	renal cell carcinoma	Increase in intratumoral CD8+ T, T cell activation markers and CX3CL1 Increase in CX3CR1 on peripheral CD8+ T cells Improved antigen-specific T cell migration [138]
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
Apatinib	VEGFR2	hepatocellular carcinoma	NCT05313282, phase III
Camrelizumab	PD-1
Anlotinib	VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, c-kit	advanced renal cancer	NCT04523272, phase III
TQB2450	PD-L1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	colorectal cancer	NCT02997228, phase III
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
HLX04	VEGF	non-small-cell lung	NCT03952403, phase III
HLX10	PD-1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	hepatocellular carcinoma	NCT05665348, phase III
Atezolizumab/Ipilimumab	PD-L1/CTLA-4
Bevacizumab	VEGF	ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer	NCT02839707, phase II/III
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
Bevacizumab	VEGF	metastatic colorectal cancer	NCT02997228, phase III
Atezolizumab	PD-L1
Cabozantinib	VEGFR2, MET, AXL	renal cell carcinoma	NCT03793166, phase III
Nivolumab/ Ipilimumab	PD-1/CTLA-4
Bevacizumab	VEGF	cutaneous melanoma	NCT01950390, phase II
Ipilimumab	CTLA-4
Lenvatinib	VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, c-kit	hepatocellular carcinoma	NCT04444167, phase I/II
AK104	PD-1/CTLA-4

PFS: progression-free survival; OS: overall survival.