Table I.
Characteristics of study population
| Spironolactone- exposed (n = 16,324) |
Non-spironolactone-exposed | Standardized bias |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before matching (n = 881,979) |
After matching (n = 16,324) |
|||
| Age | 67.7 (60.0-78.9) | 64.9 (56.4-78.6) | 67.3 (60.0-78.5) | 0.005 |
| 15-59 | 4,106 (25.2%) | 270,336 (30.7%) | 4,078 (25.0%) | |
| 60-74 | 6,813 (41.7%) | 335,903 (38.1%) | 6,921 (42.4%) | |
| 75- | 5,405 (33.1%) | 275,740 (31.3%) | 5,325 (32.6%) | |
| Gender | −0.028 | |||
| Female | 9,183 (56.3%) | 455,941 (51.7%) | 9,408 (57.6%) | |
| Male | 7,141 (43.7%) | 426,038 (48.3%) | 6,916 (42.4%) | |
| BMI ≥30 | 3,486 (21.4%) | 136,505 (15.5%) | 3,490 (21.4%) | −0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1,581 (9.7%) | 44,696 (5.1%) | 1,536 (9.4%) | 0.009 |
| Congestive heart failure | 7,430 (45.5%) | 121,074 (13.7%) | 7,130 (43.7%) | 0.037 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,420 (8.7%) | 39,318 (4.5%) | 1,384 (8.5%) | 0.008 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 892 (5.5%) | 54,473 (6.2%) | 911 (5.6%) | −0.005 |
| Dementia | 1,235 (7.6%) | 106,037 (12.0%) | 1,192 (7.3%) | 0.010 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5,014 (30.7%) | 177,629 (20.1%) | 4,954 (30.3%) | 0.008 |
| Rheumatic disease | 572 (3.5%) | 20,584 (2.3%) | 595 (3.6%) | −0.008 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 91 (0.6%) | 4,286 (0.5%) | 66 (0.4%) | 0.021 |
| Mild liver disease | 1,453 (8.9%) | 24,107 (2.7%) | 1,287 (7.9%) | 0.036 |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 4,903 (30.0%) | 214,003 (24.3%) | 5,012 (30.7%) | −0.015 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 3,084 (18.9%) | 90,613 (10.3%) | 3,018 (18.5%) | 0.010 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 133 (0.8%) | 8,703 (1.0%) | 132 (0.8%) | 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 4,095 (25.1%) | 127,815 (14.5%) | 3,961 (24.3%) | 0.019 |
| Malignancy | 618 (3.8%) | 30,726 (3.5%) | 606 (3.7%) | 0.004 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 544 (3.3%) | 2,843 (0.3%) | 368 (2.3%) | 0.060 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 114 (0.7%) | 5,918 (0.7%) | 110 (0.7%) | 0.003 |
| HIV/AIDS | 35 (0.2%) | 1,692 (0.2%) | 35 (0.2%) | 0.000 |
| COVID-19 vaccination | 1,749 (10.7%) | 57,638 (6.5%) | 1,775 (10.9%) | −0.005 |