TABLE 1.
The characteristic of included articles
| Studies | Sample size (n; M/F) | Participants | Duration | Intervention strategies | Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRE | Control | Characteristics | Age (TRE) | Age (control) | BMI (TRE) | BMI (control) | TRE | Control | |||
| Amodio et al. (2016) | 12 (0/12) | 11 (0/11) | Menopausal women with metabolic syndrome | 55.6 ± 5 | 55.3 ± 5 | 29.3 ± 4.9 | 29 ± 1.2 | 45 days | 8 h eating (7 am–3 pm); 1600 kcal/day | Unlimited eating time; 1600 kcal/day | a, f, k, l |
| Chow et al. (2020) | 11 (2/9) | 9 (1/8) | Overweight or obesity participants | 46.5 ± 12.4 | 44.2 ± 12.3 | 33.8 ± 7.6 | 34.4 ± 7.8 | 12 weeks | Self‐selected 8‐h eating window for ad libitum intake | Eating ad libitum per their usual habits | a, b, c, e, h, i, k, l, m, n, o |
| Domaszewski et al. (2020) | 25 (0/25) | 20 (0/20) | Nonsmoking women over 60 years, belonged to a seniors' association | 65 ± 4 | 66 ± 4.7 | 28.99 ± 5.18 | 26.99 ± 4.20 | 6 weeks | 8 h eating (12 pm–8 pm) | Eating ad libitum based on their previous habits | a, c |
| Isenmann et al. (2021) | 18 (8/10) | 17 (6/11) | Regularly physically active participants | 27.9 ± 5.3 | 27.4 ± 5.8 | 26.3 ± 3.0 | 25.7 ± 3.3 | 8 weeks | 8 h eating (12 pm–8 pm), 45%–65% of the total energy intake should be from carbohydrates, 20%–35% from fats, and 20%–35% from proteins | No eating time restriction; following a healthy and balanced diet | a, b, c, d, f, g |
| Kotarsky et al. (2021) | 11 (2/9) | 10 (1/9) | Physically inactive people | 45 ± 3 | 44 ± 2 | 29.4 ± 0.8 | 29.8 ± 0.8 | 8 weeks | 8 h eating (12 pm–8 pm) | Eating ad libitum based on the regular eating schedule | a, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, m, o |
| Kunduraci and Ozbek (2020) | 32 (16/16) | 33 (15/18) | Diagnosed metabolic syndrome patients | 47.44 ± 2.17 | 48.76 ± 2.13 | 36.58 ± 0.93 | 32.82 ± 0.72 | 12 weeks | 8 h eating (8 am–4 pm, 9 am–5 pm, 10 am–6 pm, 11 am–7 pm); 25% energy restriction |
No eating time restriction, 25% energy restriction |
a, c, e, f, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o |
| Liu et al. (2022) | 69 (36/33) | 70 (35/35) | Overweight or obesity participants | 31.6 ± 9.3 | 32.2 ± 8.8 | 31.8 ± 2.9 | 31.3 ± 2.6 | 12 months | 8 h eating (8 am–4 pm); 25% energy restriction |
No eating time restriction, 25% energy restriction |
a, b, c, e, f, h, i, j, k, l, n, o |
| Lowe et al. (2020) | 59 (35/24) | 57 (35/22) | Overweight or obesity participants | 46.8 ± 10.8 | 46.1 ± 10.3 | 32.7 ± 4.2 | 32.6 ± 3.4 | 12 weeks | 8 h eating (12 pm–8 pm) | Standard three‐meals‐per‐day diet; snacking between meals was permitted | a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o |
Note: a, changes in body weight; b, changes of body lean mass; c, changes of body fat mass; d, changes of visceral fat mass; e, changes of blood pressure; f, changes of waist circumference; g, changes of hip circumference; h, changes of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C); i, changes of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C); j, changes of total cholesterol; k, changes of total triglycerides; l, changes of blood glucose; m, changes of HbA1c; n, changes of HOMA‐IR; o, changes of insulin.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; F, female; M, male; TRE, time‐ restricted eating.