Table 3.

Characteristics of included clinical studies related to relationship between HDL-C, Apo A1 and AP.

Author and Year of Publication	Type of Study	Sample Size	Lipids	Result/Conclusion
Hong et al., 2022 [91]	Retrospective study	Non-SAP patient (n = 438) and SAP patient (n = 49)	HDL-C, LDL-C	Based on a variable importance analysis of the RF model, HDL-C is the important predictor of SAP.
Li et al., 2021 [83]	Retrospective study	Non-SAP patient (n = 600) and SAP patient (n = 78)	Apo A1, HDL-C	Apo A1 and HDL-C levels were negatively correlated to the occurrence of SAP.
Zhou et al., 2018 [15]	Retrospective study	102 adult AP patients with OF, worsening of previous comorbidities or local complications during hospitalization	Apo A1, HDL-C	Apo A1 and HDL-C levels are negatively associated with some scoring systems and poor clinical outcomes in AP patients. The concentrations of Apo A1 and HDL-C have high predictive value to forecast persistent OF.
Hong et al., 2017 [62]	Retrospective study	Non-SAP patient (n = 589) and SAP patient (n = 58)	HDL-C	HDL-C at admission may predict development of SAP.
Peng et al., 2015 [97]	Retrospective study	66 patients with predicted SAP admitted to ICU	Apo A1, HDL-C	Low levels of Apo A1 and HDL-C are associated with high levels of inflammatory cytokines, persistent OF, infected necrosis and hospital mortality. Apo A1 and HDL-C can serve as biomarkers to differentiate persistent OF from transient OF.
Khan et al., 2013 [96]	Retrospective study	Non-SAP patient (n = 30) and SAP patient (n = 203)	Serum total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C	The levels of HDL-C are significantly lower in patients with SAP and are associated with longer hospitalization.

Abbreviations: AP, acute pancreatitis; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SAP, severe acute pancreatitis; RF, random forest; Apo A1, apolipoprotein A1; BISAP, Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis; OF, organ failure; ICU, intensive care unit.