Table 2.
Primary Studies.
| Authors | Year | TLMA | Area | Total N | Mean Age | %Female | Sample | MBI | Control | Duration | Biomarker(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bellosta-Batalla et al. [80] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | EU | 37 | 23.71 | 76.6 | Healthy | MCBI | N/A | 8 | sOXT |
| Bergen-Cico et al. [81] | 2014 | 1 + 2 | NA | 40 | 48 | 10 | PTSD | PCbMP | N/A | 4 | Cortisol: AUCg, AUCi, CAR |
| Bishop et al. [82] | 2018 | 1 | NA | 18 | 59.3 | 18 | PTSD | MBSR | N/A | 9 | SLC6A4 DNAm, FKBP5m |
| Black et al. [79] | 2015 | 1 + 2 | NA | 49 | 63.3 | 67 | At-risk | MAP | SHE * | 6 | NF-κB |
| Brand et al. [83] | 2012 | 1 | EU | 11 | 40.2 | 81.81 | Healthy | MBSR | N/A | 8 | Cortisol CAR |
| Christopher et al. [84] | 2018 | 1 + 2 | NA | 61 | 43.98 | 10 | Healthy | MBI-Resilience | N/A | 8 | Cortisol AUCi |
| Cohen et al. [85] | 2021 | 1 + 2 | NA | 38 | 14.31 | 43 | Stressed | MBSR-T | N/A | 4 | CRP, IL-6, Cortisol |
| Creswell et al. [86] | 2012 | 1 + 2 | NA | 40 | 65 | 80 | At-risk | MBSR | N/A | 8 | CRP, IL-6 |
| Creswell et al. [87] | 2014 | 1 + 2 | NA | 66 | 21.7 | 41 | Stressed | MM | Cognitive control training * | 0.5 | Cortisol Reactivity |
| Creswell et al. [88] | 2016 | 1 + 2 | NA | 35 | 39.47 | 42.85 | Stressed | HEM | HER * | 0.5 | IL-6 |
| Duchemin et al. [89] | 2015 | 1 | NA | 16 | 44.2 | 87.5 | Stressed | MBI-Workplace | N/A | 8 | AA |
| Eisendrath et al. [90] | 2016 | 1 | NA | 11 | 34.9 | 72.7 | Depression | MBCT | N/A | 8 | CRP |
| Fendel et al. [91] | 2020 | 1 | EU | 9 | 33.2 | 55.55 | Healthy | MBI-Physicians | N/A | 8 | Cortisol Salivary |
| Galantino et al. [92] | 2005 | 1 | NA | 42 | 43 | 96 | Healthy | MMP–Heart and Mind | N/A | 8 | Cortisol Salivary |
| Gex-Fabry et al. [93] | 2012 | 1 + 2 | EU | 42 | 46.75 | 71.4 | Depression | MBCT + TAU | TAU * | 8 | Cortisol: Slope, CAR, AUC |
| Goldberg et al. [94] | 2014 | 1 + 2 | SA | 18 | 42.2 | 55.6 | SUD | MBI-Smokers | FFS-E * | 7 | Cortisol Hair |
| Ho et al. (1) [95] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | Asia | 51 | 6.56 | 39.15 | Stressed | Mindful Parenting | N/A | 6 | Cortisol: Morning, Evening, Slope |
| Ho et al. (2) [95] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | Asia | 51 | 38.75 | 96.15 | Stressed | MM | N/A | 6 | Cortisol: Morning, Evening, Slope |
| Hoge et al. [96] | 2018 | 1 + 2 | NA | 80 | 39 | 46.5 | GAD | MBI | N/A | 8 | Cortisol AUC, ACTH, TNF-α, IL-6 |
| Järvelä-Reijonen et al. [97] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | EU | 113 | 49.99 | 84 | Healthy | ACT | N/A | 8 | CRP, IL-1ra, Cortisol, DHEA-S |
| Johnson et al. [16] | 2014 | 1 + 2 | NA | 281 | 21.55 | 0 | Stressed | MMFT | Training as usual * | 8 | NP-Y |
| Keng et al. [98] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | SA | 158 | 27.24 | 63.3 | Healthy | MBSR | HEP * | 8 | LTL |
| Kim et al. [99] | 2013 | 1 + 2 | NA | 22 | 46.3 | 95.45 | PTSD | MBX | N/A | 8 | Cortisol Serum, ACTH AUC, DHEA-S |
| Malarkey et al. [100] | 2013 | 1 + 2 | NA | 170 | 50 | 87.5 | At-risk | MBI | Lifestyle education group * | 8 | CRP, IL-6, Cortisol |
| Marciniak et al. [101] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | EU | 20 | 74 | 65 | MCI | MBI | Cognitive training * | 8 | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α |
| Marcus et al. [102] | 2003 | 1 | NA | 12 | 33.4 | 14.3 | SUD | MBI | N/A | 8 | Cortisol AUC |
| Matvienko-Sikar et al. [103] | 2017 | 1 | EU | 12 | 34.53 | 100 | Healthy | MBI online + Gratitude | N/A | 3 | Cortisol: Morning, CAR, Evening |
| McClintock et al. [104] | 2019 | 1 | NA | 72 | 43.4 | 36.1 | SUD | MBRP | N/A | 8 | IL-6 |
| Mehrsafar et al. [105] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | EU | 26 | 25.4 | 0 | Stressed | MBI -Training | N/A | 8 | Cortisol slope, AA slope |
| Memon et al. [17] | 2017 | 1 + 2 | NA | 166 | 41.5 | 87.5 | Depression, GAD | MBSR | CBT* | 8 | IL-8, CRP, EGF |
| Meyer et al. [76] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | NA | 259 | 49.7 | 76 | Healthy | MBSR | N/A | 8 | CRP, IL-6, IP-10 |
| Ng et al. [106] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | Asia | 55 | 71.28 | 74.6 | MCI | MAP | HEP * | 36 | CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, Cortisol, DHEA-S, BDNF |
| Nyklíček et al. [107] | 2013 | 1 + 2 | EU | 88 | 46.1 | 70.6 | Stressed | MBSR | N/A | 8 | Cortisol Salivary |
| Oken et al. [108] | 2010 | 1 + 2 | NA | 20 | 63.15 | 85 | Healthy | MBI-Dementia Caregivers | N/A | 7 | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, Cortisol |
| Oken et al. [109] | 2017 | 1 + 2 | NA | 128 | 59.8 | 50 | Stressed | MBI | N/A | 6 | Cortisol: Slope, CAR |
| Ramler et al. [77] | 2015 | 1 + 2 | NA | 48 | 18 | 66.7 | Healthy | MBI-Students | N/A | 9 | Cortisol Salivary |
| Roberts et al. [110] | 2020 | 1 | NA | 47 | 39.38 | 91.5 | Healthy | MBI | SME * | 8 | Cortisol AUCg |
| Schultchen et al. [111] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | EU | 47 | 22.21 | 75 | Stressed | MBI-Audio | Audio book * | 8 | DHEA-S, Cortisol Hair |
| de Sousa et al. [112] | 2021 | 1 + 2 | SA | 40 | 24.15 | 50 | Stressed | bMM | Health Education + Drawing * | 0.5 | Cortisol |
| Stoffel et al. [78] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | EU | 74 | 21.1 | 64.5 | Stressed | MBI-University | N/A | 12 | SLC6A4 DNAm |
| Taylor et al. [113] | 2021 | 1 + 2 | NA | 23 | 50 | 95.50 | Healthy | MBI-Teachers | N/A | 16 | Cortisol CAR |
| Turner et al. [44] | 2020 | 1 + 2 | EU | 53 | 24 | 70.37 | Stressed | MBI-Students | Student support as usual * | 8 | Cortisol, IL-8, TNF-α, CRP |
| Villalba et al. (1) [15] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | NA | 93 | 34.5 | 66.5 | Stressed | MBI-MA App | My Time * | 2 | CRP |
| Villalba et al. (2) [15] | 2019 | 1 + 2 | NA | 83 | 39.5 | 70.5 | Stressed | MBI-Monitoring + Accepting | N/A | 8 | CRP |
| Walsh et al. [114] | 2016 | 1 + 2 | NA | 64 | 19.13 | 100 | Depression | MBI | Contact-control group * | 4 | IL-6, TNF-α |
| Wang et al. [79] | 2017 | 1 + 2 | EU | 177 | 43.25 | 56 | Depression, GAD | MBI | CBT * | 8 | LTL |
| Zgierska et al. [115] | 2008 | 1 | NA | 12 | 38.4 | 50 | SUD | MBRP | N/A | 8 | IL-6, Cortisol: CAR, Morning, Midday, Evening |
Note. Area: EU = Europe; NA = North America; SA = South America. MBIs (mindfulness-based interventions): bMM = brief mindfulness meditation; HEM = health enhancement through mindfulness; MAP = mindful awareness practice; MBSR = mindfulness-base stress reduction; MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBX = mindfulness-based stretching and breathing; MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention; MMFT = mindfulness meditation fitness training; MMP = mindfulness meditation program; PCbMP = primary care brief mindfulness practice. Controls: CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; FFS-E = free from smoking education; HEP = health education program; HER = health enhancement through relaxation; SHE = sleep hygiene education; SME = stress management education; TAU = treatment as usual; N/A = no control program; * = active control group. Psychiatric disorders: GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; SUD = Substance use disorder. Biomarkers: AA = alpha-amylase; AUC = area under the curve; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAR = cortisol awakening response; CRP = C-reactive protein; DHEA-S = dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; EGF = epidermal growth factor; FKBP5m = methylation of binding protein 5; IL = interleukin; LTL = leukocyte telomere length; NP-Y = neuropeptide Y; SLC6A4 DNAm = DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter gene; sOXT = salivary oxytocin; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha.