Table 3.

Pooled Effect Size Estimates and Effect Size Heterogeneity.

Analysis	k	#ES	g	95% CI	p	τ		I 2
						Level 2	Level 3	Level 2	Level 3
TLMA 1	42	91	−0.15	[−0.23, −0.06]	<0.001	0.20	0.18	37%	32%
Excluding outliers	40	83	−0.11	[−0.18, −0.04]	0.002	0.06	0.14	7%	36%
Including follow-up data	42	117	−0.17	[−0.25, −0.08]	<0.001	0.25	0.14	54%	16%
TLMA 2	35	79	−0.11	[−0.23, 0.001]	0.053	0.32	0.17	57%	17%
Excluding outliers	34	75	−0.15	[−0.25, −0.05]	0.003	0.26	0.13	51%	13%
Including follow-up data	35	94	−0.15	[−0.26, −0.04]	0.007	0.33	0.12	63%	9%

Note. k = number of independent samples; #ES = number of effect sizes; g = Hedges g; CI = confidence interval; τ = variability (standard deviation) of effect sizes on Levels 2 and 3; I² = heterogeneity of effect sizes on Levels 2 and 3.