Table 3.

Comparison of the selected properties of glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride on the basis of the literature.

Variables	Glucosamine Sulfate (GS)	Glucosamine Hydrochloride (GH)	References
Molecular structure	C6H15NO9S	C6H14ClNO5	[36,37]
Molecular weight [unit]	277.25	215.63	[36,37]
Stability and purity	Needs compound stabilizers in the form of salts, usually potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl). It has a 74% purity.	Does not need compound stabilizers. It has a 99% purity.	[38,39]
Pharmacokinetic parameters when administrated 1500 mg once daily steady-state	Cmax (mean) 1602 ± 425 ng/mL 8.9 ± 2.4 μmol/L T 1/2 (h) 15	Cmax (mean) 492 ± 161 ng/mL 2.7 ± 0.9 μmol/L T 1/2 (h) 2.51 ± 1.84	[38,39]
Expression of catabolic and anabolic genes	Stronger inhibition	Weaker inhibition	[40]
Antioxidant potential	Pronounced reducing power, superoxide/hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, quite weak ferrous ion chelating effect.	Considerable reducing power, superoxide/hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, limited ferrous ion chelating potency.	[41,42]

C_max—maximum/peak concentration, T1/2—half-life.