TABLE 2—

Multivariable Associations of Pedestrian Fatalities With Historical Redlining, Census Tract‒Level Demographic Factors: Fatality Analysis Reporting System, United States, 2010–2019

	Model 1,a IRR (95% CI)	Model 2,b IRR (95% CI)	Model 3,c IRR (95% CI)
HOLC grade
A (green)—“Best”	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)
B (blue)—“Still Desirable”	1.38 (1.20, 1.60)	1.49 (1.29, 1.72)	1.49 (1.29, 1.72)
C (yellow)—“Definitely Declining”	1.71 (1.50, 1.96)	1.84 (1.61, 2.11)	1.84 (1.61, 2.11)
D (red)—“Hazardous”	2.33 (2.03, 2.68)	2.59 (2.25, 2.99)	2.60 (2.26, 2.99)
Model goodness of fit QICd	2705.22	3077.49	3046.04

Note. CI = confidence interval; HOLC = Home Owners’ Loan Corporation; IRR = incidence rate ratio; QIC = quasi likelihood under independence model criterion. Full descriptions of HOLC grades are in Figure A, available as a supplement to the online version of this article at https://ajph.org.

^a Unadjusted, HOLC grade only.

^b Fully adjusted for gender, age > 18 years, age > 65 years, and population density per 1000.

^c Final model adjusted for age > 65 years and population density per 1000.

^d The lowest goodness-of-fit statistic determines the best model.