Table 2.
Outcomes in CKD patients related to gut microbiota.
| Study, Year | Outcomes | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Barros et al., 2015 [21] | Inflammation | VCAM-1 levels were negatively correlated with number of bands in CKD patients (r = −0.50, p = 0.03) |
| Ebrahim et al., 2022 [80] | Renal function decline | Creatinine levels were similar between intervention (β-glucan prebiotic) and control group during follow-up (14 weeks). |
| Jiang et al., 2017 [33] | Inflammation | Roseburia spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Prevotella were negatively correlated with CRP (respectively, r = −0.452, p = 0.001; r = −0.431, p = 0.002 and r = −0.480, p = 0.000) |
| Renal function |
Roseburia spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium coccoides group, Prevotella were negatively correlated with Cystatin C levels (respectively, r = −0.414, p = 0.003; r = −0.395, p = 0.005; r = −0.400, p = 0.001 and r = −0.441, p = 0.001) Bifidobacterium was correlated with creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (r = −0.538, p = 0.000 and r = −0.495, p = 0.000, respectively) |
|
| Jiang et al., 2016 [32] | Inflammation | In CKD patients, Roseburia spp. and F. prausnitzii were negatively correlated with CRP (respectively, (r = −0.493, p = 0.00; r = -0.528, p = 0.000). |
| Disease progression | In CKD patients, Roseburia spp. and F. prausnitzii were negatively correlated with Cystatin C (r = −0.321, p = 0.006; r = −0.445, p = 0.000) and positively corelated with eGFR (respectively, r = 0.347, p = 0.002 and r = 0.416, p = 0.000). | |
| Lin et al., 2021 [72] | Mortality | The Simpson index and the Shannon index were lower in non-survivors as compared to patients who survived (respectively, p = 0.007 and p = 0.028). Non-survivors had higher levels of Oscillospira, Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, PSB_M_3, Lactobacillus, vadinCA02, Alloscardovia, Anoxybacillus, Devosia, and Yersinia. |
| Lin et al., 2020 [41] | Inflammation | The Shannon diversity index was negatively corelated with IL-6 (r = −0.253, p = 0.015) and TNFα (r = −0.260, p = 0.011). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was negatively correlated with TNFα (r = −0.204, p = 0.047). |
| Lin et al., 2020 [40] | Inflammation | The Shannon diversity index was negatively corelated with IL-6 (r = −0.339, p = 0.001) and TNFα (r = −0.331, p = 0.002). |
| Luo et al., 2021 [45] | Mortality | ESKD patients with cardiovascular mortality had a lower proportion of Bacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium compared to survivors (p < 0.05). |
| Peritonitis | PD patients with peritonitis had decreased Dorea, Clostridium, and SMB53 proportions as compared to those without peritonitis (p < 0.05). | |
| Margiotta et al., 2020 [46] | Inflammation |
Mogibacteriaceae and Oscillospira were correlated with CRP levels. Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, and Eubacterium were negatively correlated with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. |
| Zhou et al., 2022 [70] | Peritonitis | PD patients with Escherichia coli peritonitis had higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and Synergistetes compared to the non-peritonitis group, while Bacilli and Lactobacillus were decreased. |
| Zhu et al., 2022 [69] | Responsiveness to erythropoietin |
Neisseria, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Prevotella_7, Rothia, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, and Actinomyces could predict a poor response to erythropoietin in ESKD patients. Neisseria had an excellent power to discriminate between good and poor response to erythropoietin in ESKD patients (AUC 0.9535, 95% CI, 0.902–1.0, p < 0.0001). |
CKD = chronic kidney disease; CRP = C-reactive protein; ESKD = end-stage kidney disease; IL-6 = interleukin 6; PD = peritoneal dialysis; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1 = vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.