Table 1.

Influence of physical factors on liposome stability.

Factors Range/Value	Stability Measurements	Testing Time	Active Compounds Encapsulated in Liposomes	Bibliography
Temperature
4 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C	75.54%, 67.57%, 20.28% retention rates	21 days	Betacyanin	[40]
20–47 °C	3.47–4.33% release	20 days	Piperine	[41]
−150 °C, −80 °C, −25 °C (Liquid nitrogen)	76–90%, 75–88%, 37% retention	90 days	Carboxyfluorescein	[35]
4 °C, 25 °C	14.25%, 40.04% loss in nanoliposomes	21 days	Red cabbage anthocyanins	[42]
Room temperature	30–90% degradation of extract	21 days	Black carrot extract	[43]
4 °C, 25 °C	96.81%, 8.82% encapsulation efficiency	90 days	Phenylethyl resorcinol	[44]
4 °C, 50 °C	89.43% retention rate	30 days	Curcumin	[45]
4 °C, 25 °C	90%, 80% encapsulation efficiency	30 days	Afatinib	[46]
4 °C	95% change rate of vesicle size	21 days	Curcumin	[47]
Light
UV-A (12.86 W/m2), UV-B (15 W/m2), UV-C (14.29 W/m2) irradiation	Instability to UV irradiation: UV-A < UV-B < UV-C; 25.841%, 32.881%, 35.678% degradation for small unilamellar vesicles liposomes	4 h	Fulfonamides, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfachloropyridazine	[38]
UV light irradiance (0.35 W/m2)	88% retention	6 h	Curcumin	[47]
Natural sunlight	75.21% retention rate	180 days	Quercetin	[39]
Direct sunlight; sun UV irradiation through window glass; outdoors under the shade	Completely degraded	24 days	Silver sulfadiazine	[48]
UVA irradiation	100–36.5% degradation	48 h	Phenylethyl resorcinol	[44]
Fluorescent lamp (20 Watt) or dark	49.44% improved storage stability	30 days	Curcumin	[45]
D65/ID65 emission Standard (artificial daylight fluorescent lamp, indoor indirect daylight)	Not available	30 days	Anti-inflammatory drugs	[36]