Table 3.

Coating materials for liposomes as drug delivery means.

Coating Material	Type of Encapsulated Drugs	The Advantage of the Coating Material Used	Bibliography
Saccharides and their derivatives
Chitosan	Immunoglobulin/mupirocin/Curcumin/sumatriptan/mucoadhesive loratadine/pelargonidin-3 -O-glucoside	-Increased bioactivity, bioavailability, and biostability during the oral digestion of the drug -Increased the capability of delaying the release of the drug in gastrointestinal simulated digestion after obtaining a high encapsulation efficiency in the liposome for the lowest particle size -Improved the physical properties of the liposomes	[63,64,65,66,67,68]
Poly-galacturonic acid	Nisin	-Controlled release of antimicrobial peptides -Increased the encapsulation efficiency and thermal stability of the liposomes	[69,70,71]
Sodium alginate	Calcitonin/Perilla Oil	-Increased the resistance of the membrane structure, the bioavailability, and the prolonged release of the drug -Provided good chemical stability and in vitro release behavior of the active compound	[72,73]
Calcium alginate	Oxaliplatin/Acid Folic/Ampicillin/Metformin	-Prolonged the release of the drug and enhanced the control of liposome dimension distribution -Increased entrapment efficiency and enhanced stability of liposomes	[74,75]
Pectin	Resveratrol/Amoxicillin/Tagitinine C/Phlorizin	-Improved the long-term release of drugs and system stability -Presented small-sized liposomes with a slightly slower release -Improved immobilization, encapsulation efficiency, as well as physical storage stability of liposomes	[57,76,77]
Starch	Fasudil	-Increased the storage stability and in vitro release of the active compound -Enhanced the uptake of liposomes and had a high entrapment efficiency	[78]
Guar gum	Hydrophobic bioactive compounds/Vitamin D3	-Improved the liposome membrane stability (reduced membrane degradation after simulated digestion) -Increased thermal and light stability of the liposomes with a prolonged storage stability	[79,80]
Xanthan gum	Dioctadecyl dimethylammonium bromide	-Improved the release profile of the low-stability drug	[81]
Cationic inulin	Betaine/carvone	-Improved the thermal, physical, and oxidative stability of liposomes; provided in vitro sustained release of the active compound	[82]
Galactomannan	Ascorbic acid	-Presented good encapsulation efficiency and improved the stability of the drug -Sustained the release of the active compound under gastrointestinal pH conditions	[83]
Hyaluronic acid	Antitumoral drug delivery/anti-melanoma agents (dacarbazine and eugenol)	-Reduced immune response and improved the pharmacokinetics of the drug -Presented a good stealth property in blood circulation and improved stability in plasma	[84]
Diethylaminomethyl-dextran	Drug	-Improved the stability of liposomes and enhanced skin permeation	[85]
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	Sildenafil	-Provided greater bio-adhesion and higher entrapment efficiencies for the liposomes -Prolonged the drug release	[86]
Polymer/Copolymer
Polyethylene glycol PEG	Vitexin	-Increased the stability of long drug carriers -Increased the drug entrapment efficiency and obtained a delayed release	[17,87,88]
Poly (hydroxyethyl-l-asparagine)	Antitumoral drugs	-Enhanced the stability and the bioavailability of the drug -Improved long circulation properties and the precise targeting of drug	[89,90]
Poly(L-lysine) and poly (L-glutamic acid)	Recommended for drug formulations	-Increased liposome stability in the biological environment	[91]
Eudragit EPO	Curcumin	-Prolonged the release of the drug and improved the bioavailability upon oral administration -Improved the in vivo activity and enhanced the stability in the gastrointestinal tract of the active compound	[92]
Proteins
Whey protein	Astaxanthin, iron	-Improved the physical properties of liposomes: higher thermal stability, monodisperse distribution, and high encapsulation efficiency	[93,94,95]
Albumin	Vancomycin/paclitaxel/ellagic acid	-Used as a drug-binding molecule to improve the long blood retention and biocompatibility -Increased the long release of the drug, showing superior deliverability for substances, high stability, effective loading content, and high capacity of controlled targeting	[96,97,98]
Zein	Indocyanine green	-Improved the chemical stability and storage stability of liposomes	[99]
Silk fibroin (SF)	Ibuprofen	-Sustained ocular drug release and in vitro corneal permeation	[100]
Gelatine	Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid/aspartic acid/Lactobacilli rhamnoses/Amphotericin B	-Increased the efficiency of drug delivery -Obtained small-sized liposomes, physically stable, with high drug encapsulation efficiency	[101,102]
Collagen	Dexamethasone	-High potential for use as drug delivery systems for implant substances that can induce bone and cartilage differentiation	[103]
Combinations between groups of materials
Chitosan–gelatine	ω-3 PUFA/BSA	-Enhanced the physical and chemical stability of liposomes -Improved the release of the active compound	[104,105]
Chitosan–sodium alginate	Inactivated PR8 Influenza virus/cationic liposomes/resveratrol	-Improved the long release of the virus and improved resistance during digestion -Improved liposome structures	[106,107,108]
Chitosan–pectin	Neohesperidin/norfloxacin	-Increased resistance during digestion of liposomes -Improved the liposomes’ physical and chemical stability	[109,110]
Chitosan–arabic gum	5I-1H-indole (5ID)	-Improved the solubility and sustained the release of the antifungal drug	[111]
Chitosan–xanthan gum	Pulmonary drugs	-Improved physical and chemical properties and storage stability of liposomes -Prolonged the release of the active compound	[112]
Chitosan–zein	Pulicaria gnaphadoles (Vent) Boiss	-Prolonged the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the active compound -Controlled release of the active compound	[113]
PEG–chitosan	Doxorubicin/Stearoyl spermine	-Increased stability and prolonged the release of the drug	[114]
Pectin–whey protein	Negatively and positively charged liposomes	-Improved the physical and chemical stability of liposomes -Protected the liposomes during gastrointestinal digestion	[115]
Pectin–polygalacturonic acid	Nisin	-Sustained the release of the active compound and improved the physical and chemical properties	[71]
Whey protein, xanthan gum, tragacanth, arabic gum, and sodium alginate	Gingerol	-Provided proper cell protection against oxidative stress -Increased the stability of the liposomes during storage -The liposomes maintained their structures in acidic and neutral media	[116]
Other
Genipin (glycoside, cross-linker)	Flaxseed oil/perilla oil/tannic acid	-Increased the bioavailability and prolonged the release of the drug -Improved physical and chemical properties, long-term stability, and in vitro release of the active compound -Obtained small-sized liposomes with high encapsulation efficiency and improved biocompatibility	[51,72,117,118]
Silica	Epirubicin-hydrochloride/Alfa-choriogonadotropin	-Used for the potential oxygen protection of liposomes -Enhanced the stability of drug-loaded vesicles in the gastrointestinal tract and the photovoltaic stability	[119,120]
Calciumcarbonate	Drug	-Increased stability and reduced leakage due to the continuity of smooth and uniformly coated liposomes	[121]
Ceramic	Cholesterol	-Good stability and anti-interference ability with a good practical application for liposomes	[122]