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. 2023 Feb 24;16(5):1860. doi: 10.3390/ma16051860

Table 2.

Summary of the main results obtained for ZrO2-based samples produced by stereolithography (SLA).

Reference Manufacturing
Technology		 Ceramic
Material		 Dental
Application		 Studied
Properties		 Main Results
[60] Stereolithography (SLA)
(SPS450B, Shaanxi Hengtong Intelligent Machine)		 3Y-TZP
(40 vol%)
(Shanghai Chigong)		 Bridges Density, surface roughness,
hardness,
flexural strength		 Relative density of 98.58% TD.

Surface roughness of 2.06 µm.

Hardness of 1398 HV.

Flexural strength of 200.14 MPa.
[61] Stereolithography (SLA) 3Y-TZP Bridges and implants Microstructure Cracks on the outer surface, with a certain propagation orientation.

Pores with 200–400 nm distributed all over the surface.
[62] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CERAMAKER 900; 3DCeram)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)
(DWX-50; Roland DG Corp)		 SLA: ZrO2
(3DMIXZrO2L; 3DCeram)

SM: ZrO2
(Zenostar; Wieland Dental)		 Crowns Trueness The trueness of the external surface, intaglio surface, marginal area, and occlusal surface of SLA crowns was similar to that of SM crowns.
[63] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CSL150; PORIMY)		 ZrO2
(45 Vol%)		 Crowns Accuracy,
flexural strength		 Internal fit and marginal adaptation not ideal for clinical application: cement space of 63.4 µm in the occlusal area, 135.1 µm in the axial area, and 169.6 µm in the marginal area.

Flexural strength of 812 ± 128 MPa.
[35] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CeraMaker 900; 3DCeram)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)
(Isomet VR1000 Precision Saw; Buehler)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP
(3DMix ZrO2; 3DCeram)

SM: 3Y-TZP
(IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent AG)		 Not specified Density, hardness, flexural strength SLA samples’ relative density of 98.51% TD.

SLA samples’ hardness of 1285 HV.

Decrease in flexural strength for SLA and SM samples after artificial ageing treatment:
  • −

    SLA: 320 ± 41 MPa (before) to 281 ± 39 MPa

  • −

    (after)

  • −

    SM: 915 ± 68 MPa (before) to 573 ± 43 MPa

(after)
[64] Stereolithography (SLA)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP
(LithaCon 3Y 230, Lithoz; 3D Mix ZrO2, 3DCeram) and ATZ
(3D Mix ATZ, 3DCeram)

SM: 3Y-TZP
(LAVA Plus, 3M Oral Care).		 Implants Microstructure,
flexural strength		 3Y-TZP SLA samples revealed a crystal structure, flexural strength, and microstructure similar to SM samples.

ATZ SLA samples showed higher flexural strength than 3Y-TZP produced by SLA and SM.
[36] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CeraFab System S65 Medical; Lithoz GmbH)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)
(DGShape DWX 52DC)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP
(LithaCon 3Y 210; CeraFab System S65 Medical)

SM: 3Y-TZP
(Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome)		 Not specified Microstructure,
flexural strength		 SLA samples presented a layer strand texture with a smooth depression between the layers (less than 5 and 10 µm).

SLA samples showed irregular surface with pits of varying dimensions (10–40 µm), but no evidence of cracks, fracture surfaces, or flaws.

SLA samples presented higher flexural strength (1519 ± 254 MPa) than SM samples (981 ± 130 MPa).
[65] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CSL 100, Porimy 3D printing Technology)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)		 SLA: YSZ
(84 wt%–48 vol%)

SM: ZrO2
(D98-20, Upcera)		 Not specified Dimensional
accuracy,
translucency,
mechanical
properties,
microstructure		 SLA samples presented dimensional accuracy, translucency and mechanical properties that vary in different build orientations:
  • −

    Printing in an upright way led to higher relative density (95.4% TD) and translucency (4.393%) than when printed horizontally (94.6% TD and 3.403%, respectively).

  • −

    Horizontally printed samples led to excellent accuracy and mechanical properties.


SLA samples showed stress and weak bonding strength among the successive layers.
SLA samples presented internal flaws (pores and agglomerations).
SLA samples showed two types of fracture modes: fracture due to stress concentration and splintering due to crack deflection.
[37] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CeraMaker 900; 3DCeram)		 3Y-TZP
(3DMix ZrO2, 3DCeram)

ATZ
(20 wt% Al2O3 +
80% wt% ZrO2)
(3DMix ATZ, 3DCeram)		 Abutments and crowns Fracture resistance 3Y-TZP and ATZ crowns showed similar fracture resistance (1243.5 ± 265.5 N and (1209 ± 204.5 N, respectively).

Both crowns fractured at the implant–abutment interface.
[66] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CSL 100, Porimy)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)
(AK-D4, Aidite)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP
(47 vol%)
(DLP1080E, Han’s Laser)

SM: PSZ
(SHT, Aidite)		 Crowns Finish line designs evaluation SLA crowns exhibited margins of rounded line angle and without small flaws, although large chippings were found in knife-edged crowns.

SM crowns showed margins of sharp line angle and with separate chippings.
[67] Stereolithography (SLA)
(CeraBuilder 100, Wuhan Intelligent Laser Technology)		 80 wt% 3Y-TZP (Jiangxi Size Materais)
+ 20 wt% Al2O3 (Almantis)
(45 vol%)		 Implants Density, hardness, fracture toughness Relative density of 99.09% TD.

Hardness of 1699 HV.

Fracture toughness of 6.88 MPa⋅m1/2
[38] Stereolithography (SLA)
(Ceramaker C900 Flex)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP
(3DCeram Co)

SM: 3Y-TZP
(ArgenZ ST)		 Crowns Microstructure,
fracture load,
flexural strength, flexural modulus		 SLA samples with 0% porosity showed the highest fracture load (1132.7 N), flexural strength (755.1 MPa) and flexural modulus (41.273 GPa).

SLA samples with 40% porosity showed the lowest fracture load (72.13 N), flexural strength (48.09 MPa) and flexural modulus (7.177 GPa).
[25] Stereolithography (SLA)
(3DCeram)

Subtractive Manufacturing (SM)		 SLA: 3Y-TZP

SM: 3Y-TZP		 Crowns Trueness, precision SLA crowns revealed the best occlusal trueness (8.77 ± 0.89 µm) and worst intaglio trueness (23.90 ± 1.60 µm).

Both SLA and SM crowns presented similar internal fit and marginal adaptation.

SLA crowns showed higher precision (9.59 ± 0.75 µm) than SM crowns (17.31 ± 3.39 µm).