Fig 12. NDV and IAV screening PCR test in the backyard farms (n = 36)–NDV and IAV were detected with 300 bp and 152 bp PCR amplicons respectively.

Each district were assigned with a three-letter code and had four farms (numbered 1 to 4). Each sample represents a farm pooled in a single tube and screened. The gel was run with ladder in the first well and negative and positive controls in the last wells (from left to right). KTM = Kathmandu, LLT = Lalitpur, CHT = Chitwan, NWLP = Nawalparasi, DNG = Dang, KLI = Kailali, MRG = Morang, and SNS = Sunsari Districts.