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. 2023 Feb 24;16(5):1863. doi: 10.3390/ma16051863

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-Al bonds which respect the β angle and tetrahedral geometrical constraints. (B) Tetrahedron constraints are expressed with four points ABCD on the unit sphere (coarse-grained particle) during the binding (particle association/aggregation) process.