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Induction of Nrf2-ARE response by CA. Under physiological conditions, Nrf2 binds to Keap1 and remains sequestered in the cytoplasm, where Nrf2 becomes ubiquitinated, released from Keap1, and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteosome complex. Carnosic acid blocks the ubiquitination of Nrf2 and facilitates its dissociation from Keap1, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus, where it binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) of cytoprotective genes and facilitates transcription.
