Table 4.

Research paper characteristics related to the mixed convection heat transfer.

Ref	Geometry Description	Nanofluid	Methodology	Results	Decision Variables
[53]	Inclined flat plate	Water-Cu	Mixed convection, MHD, DQM	Nu reduced	Ra = 105; Ha = 25
[54]	Lid-driven enclosure and two adherent porous blocks	Alumina/water	Mixed convection	-Ri < 1 → heat transfer enhancement - Ri ≥ 1 → reduction in heat transfer	0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 10; 0 ≤ $\phi$ ≤ 0.04
[55]	Rotating circular cylinder and trapezoidal enclosure	Cu- water	Mixed convection, MHD	- Decrease in stream function values → vertical magnetic field - Increase in Ha → increase in Nuave - Increase in Ha, thermal conductivity rate, cylinder radius, Da → increase in Nuave - Decrease in Ri → increase in Nuave	0 < Ha < 100; 1 < Thermal conductivity ratio < 10; −5 < angular rotational velocity < 5; 0.01 < Ri < 100; 0 < Inclination angle < 90; 0.2 < Cylinder radius < 0.4; 10−5 < Da < 10−1; 0 < nanofluid concentration < 0.1
[56]	Square cavity with inlet and outlet ports	Water-based nanofluid	Mixed convection, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, FDM	- Increase in Re → cooling improvement - Ra = 10 → Nu = 1.071 - Ra = 100 → Nu = 3.104 - Ra = 1000 → Nu = 13.839 - Ra = 10000 → Nu = 49.253 $-\varnothing = 0.01\to Nu=31.6043$ - $\varnothing = 0.02\to Nu=31.2538$ - $\varnothing = 0.03\to Nu=30.829$	104 < Ra < 106; Pr = 6.82; 10−5 < Da < 10−6; 50 < Re < 300; ε = 0.5; Le = 1000
[57]	H-shaped cavity with cooler and heater cylinders	Cu-water	Mixed convection, Boussinesq approximation	- Increase in AR → decrease in heat transfer rate increase in Da, decrease in Ri → increase in heat transfer rate	10−4 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2; 1 ≤ Ri ≤ 100; 1.4 ≤ AR ≤ 1.6;
[58]	Trapezoidal chamber	Cu-Al2O3/ water	Mixed convection, FDM	- Increase in Re → increase in energy transport and convective circulation - Increase in Da → heat transfer enhancement	Reynolds number; Darcy number; nanoparticle volume fraction
[59]	Inclined cavity	Cu-water	Mixed convection, Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model, SIMPLE algorithm	- Heat transfer rate increases with increasing Da.
[60]	Lid-driven square cavity	Al2O3/water	Mixed convection	- Decrease in Ri → increase in momentum - Ri = 100 → decrease in Darcy effects - Changing nanoparticles volume fraction and Da → significant changes in streamlined pattern - Higher Ri → more buoyancy effects - Increase in Da and Ri → less fluid resistance and more momentum penetration - Increase in Da → decrease in temperature, more uniformity in heat transfer	Ri = 0.01, 10 and 100; 10−4 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2; 0 ≤ $\phi$ ≤ 0.04
[61]	Stretching surface	---	Mixed convection, MHD	- For m < 1→ increase in velocity results in an increase in thermophoresis - For m > 1→ increase in velocity results in a decrease in thermophoresis.	Effects of buoyancy parameter; magnetic parameter; Brownian motion; thermophoresis parameter, etc., on velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction
[62]	Square cavity and two rotating cylinders	Al2O3/water	Mixed convection	- Heat transfer enhancement (+ 20.4%)
[63]	Triangular shape, partitioned, lid-driven square cavity involving a porous compound	Ag–MgO/water	Mixed convection MHD	- Nu enhancement (14.7%)	< Ri < 100; 0 < Ha < 60; 10−4 < Da < 5 × 10−2; 0 < $\phi$ < 0.01
[64]	Vertical surface	Cu-water	Mixed convection, Laplace transform technique Crank Nicolson method	- Increase in magnetic field strength → and decrease in fluid velocity - Porosity increases → fluid velocity decreases	Magnetic parameter; porosity parameter; thermal and solute Grashof number; nanoparticle volume fraction parameter; time; Schmidt number; chemical reaction parameter; Prandtl number
[65]	Inclined cavity and porous layer	Cu-water	Mixed convection, incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH)	- Ri increases → Nuave decreases -$\phi$ increases → overall heat transfer increases	0.001 < Ri < 100; 10−5 < Da < 10−2; 0 < $\phi$ < 0.05
[66]		CuO–Water	Mixed convection, entropy generation, Buongiorno’s two-phase model	- Increase in volume concentration → increase in Nuave - Maximum enhancement in cooling performance was 17.75%	- Volume concentration; development of a new predictive correlation
[67]	Gamma-shaped cavity	CuO–Water	Mixed convection, Entropy generation, FVM	- Increase in the Nusselt number with the volume fraction is more pronounced for the smallest heat source, a heat source placed at the lowest height from the bottom side, the lowest volumetric heat generation, the lowest imposed magnetic field, the lowest Darcy number, and for a porous media with the lowest solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio. Increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction has a higher impact on the production of entropy than the enhancement in the heat transfer rate.	- Hartmann number; nanoparticle volume fraction; the length and location of a heat source
[68]	Rotating triangle chamber	Graphene Oxide generalized hybrid	Mixed convection utilizing bvp4c solver	The velocity upsurges due to the dimensionless radius of the slender body parameter in case of the assisting flow.	0.025 ≤ $\phi$ ≤ 0.035