Table 3.

Daily intake of energy-adjusted dietary polyphenols ¹ by treatment group.

Variables	Control	Walnut	p-Value 7
	n = 146	n = 154
Total polyphenols 2, mg, median [IQR] 8	1897 [1369, 2496]	2479.99 [1956, 3146]	<0.001
Total flavonoids 3 (flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanidins), mg, median [IQR]	28.8 [15.4, 54.4]	56.1 [41.7, 83.9]	<0.001
Flavanols, mg 4, median [IQR]	139.6 [60.7, 277.3]	174.2 [89.8, 298.4]	0.036
Phenolic acids 5, mg, median [IQR]	242.2 [88.8, 398.3]	367.8 [245.7, 569.2]	<0.001
Lignans 6, mg, median [IQR]	27.4 [13.9, 44.8]	24.1 [13.4, 44.2]	0.514

¹ Polyphenol composition of food items obtained from Phenol-Explorer version 3.6. All phenolic values were energy adjusted. ² Total polyphenols were measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. ³ Total flavonoids (flavones and flavonols) were measured using chromatography after hydrolysis. ⁴ Flavanols (proanthocyanidins) were measured using normal phase HPLC. ⁵ Phenolic acids (ellagitannins/tannins) were measured using chromatography after hydrolysis. ⁶ Lignans were measured using chromatography after hydrolysis. ⁷ Mann–Whitney tests were used for comparisons between treatment. p < 0.05 indicates significance. ⁸ Interquartile range (IQR).