Table 4.
Contribution of food groups by treatment group to the mean daily intake in mg/d of the total polyphenols and polyphenol subclasses.
| Total Polyphenols | Flavonoids (Flavones, Flavonols, Anthocyanidins) | Flavonoids (Flavanols) | Phenolic Acids | Lignans | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Walnut | Control | Walnut | Control | Walnut | Control | Walnut | Control | Walnut | ||
| Food Groups | Mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Beverages 1 | 804 (674) | 886 (778) | 27 (72) | 30 (81) | 7 (16) | 6 (15) | 214 (229) | 240 (305) | 0.7 (2) | 0.6 (2) | |
| Fruits 2 | 351 (280) | 440 (374) * | 15 (23) | 16 (22) | 81 (104) | 102 (134) | 16 (25) | 21 (26) | 7 (12) | 8 (11) | |
| Nuts 3 | 40 (77) | 632 (182) *** | 0.4 (1) | 26 (7) *** | 9 (22) | 27 (11) *** | 5 (16) | 178 (52) *** | 2 (6) | 1.5 (6) | |
| Legumes 4 | 244 (470) | 317 (734) | 1.3 (5) | 1.4 (3) | 4 (28) | 9 (62) | 4 (8) | 5 (10) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) | |
| Vegetables 5 | 226 (191) | 269 (307) | 9 (8) | 9 (8) | _ | 0.28 (2) * | 4 (4) | 5 (6) | 22 (32) | 26 (45) | |
| Grains 6 | 124 (138) | 130 (141) | 1.1 (8) | 0.34 (1) | 20 (72) | 16 (47) | 30 (23) | 31 (27) | 1.5 (3) | 1 (2) | |
| Chocolate 7 | 86 (180) | 114 (274) | - | - | 43 (93) | 59 (144) | 0.7 (1.4) | 1 (2.3) | 0.04 (0.4) | 0 (0.1) | |
| Spices 8 | 22 (67) | 31 (86) | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.7) | - | - | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.1) | |
| Fats and oils 9 | 7 (6) | 7(6) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.04 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | |
| Miscellaneous 10 | 51 (78) | 60 (107) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.6) | 24 (42) | 32 (62) | 0.24 (1) | 0.23 (1) | - | - | |
* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. Data are the means and SDs of polyphenol intake by treatment group. 1 Beverages include vegetable juice, fruit juice, coffee, tea, alcoholic beverages, rice milk, and non-alcoholic beer. 2 Fruits include whole, canned, frozen, fried, and dried fruits and jams. 3 Nuts include walnuts and other tree nuts, raw and roasted nuts, mixed nuts, and peanuts. 4 Legumes include dried beans, peas, soy, and soy-based products. 5 Vegetables include fresh, frozen, fried, and canned vegetables. 6 Grains include whole and refined grains, breads, pasta, and cereals. 7 Chocolate includes cocoa powder, cocoa mixed products, chocolate frosting, pudding mix chocolate, chocolate sauce, baking chocolate, chocolate-based candy and cake, and chocolate bars and cookies. 8 Spices include ground, dried, or powder spices such as thyme, turmeric, cumin, nutmeg, curry powder, cinnamon, tarragon, paprika, marjoram, taco seasoning, Italian seasoning, black pepper, allspice, rosemary, sage, cloves, parsley, and sage. 9 Fats and oils include oils such as olive, canola, sunflower, safflower, corn, vegetable oil, margarine, butter, and dressings. 10 Miscellaneous foods (Misc.) consist of mixed foods and dishes that include dairy and dairy products.