Table 5.
Comparison of the morning spot urine polyphenol excretion between treatment groups 1.
| Urine Total Polyphenols (mg GAE 2/L) Mean (95% CI) |
Walnut–Control | Urine Total Polyphenols (mg GAE/g Cr 2) Mean (95% CI) |
Walnut–Control (mg/g Cr) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Walnut | Control | Beta Estimate (SE) | p-Value | Walnut | Control | Beta Estimate (SE) | p-Value |
| Baseline | 285 (267, 302) | 286 (268, 304) | −1.09 (16.4) | 0.9305 | 305 (282, 328) | 303 (290, 327) | 1.63 (16.4) | 0.9207 |
| Year 1 | 302 (285, 319) | 279 (261, 297) | 23.01 (16.4) | 0.0662 | 333 (310, 356) | 308 (284, 332) | 24.93 (16.4) | 0.1281 |
| Year 2 | 295 (278, 313) | 283 (265, 301) | 12.62 (16.3) | 0.3126 | 355 (333, 378) | 337 (313, 360) | 18.50 (16.3) | 0.2579 |
1 Linear regression mixed models fitted for both variables (mg GAE/L, mg GAE/g Cr) included treatment, time, treatment × time interaction, age, gender, and BMI as fixed-effects terms and participants as the random-effects term. 2 Abbreviations: GAE = gallic acid equivalents, Cr = creatinine. p < 0.05 indicates significance.