Table 4.

Clinical studies evaluating the association of emotional eating with dietary patterns.

Study Type	Study Population	Method	Basic Results	References
Cross-sectional study	763 participants, mean age: 38 (SD ± 11.1) years	EEQ, semiquantitative FFQ	Having abdominal obesity and being an emotional or very emotional eater was clearly associated with the “Snacks and fast food” dietary pattern and adversely with adherence to the “Healthy” dietary pattern.	Betancourt-Núñez et al., 2022 [53]
Cross-sectional study	252 participants, mean age: 21.42 (SD ± 4.73) years	Adherence to the Mediterranean diet: (KIDMED) test, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), EEQ	A high percentage of individuals had an inadequate diet (20.7%) or had eating behaviors which needed improvement.	Carlos et al., 2020 [54]
Cross-sectional study	1626 adults, mean age: 30 (SD ± 11) years	EES, ΒΜΙ categories	Obese individuals raised the intake of fresh vegetables, fruits, pastries, and eggs; underweight individuals increased the intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, milk and eggs.	Madalı et al., 2021 [25]
Cross-sectional study	178 children aged 8 to 9 years	Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), KIDMED questionnaire	A good adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was related with a smaller probability of emotional undereating.	Buja et al., 2022 [10]