Table 2.
The instruments used to assess food insecurity, micronutrient deficiencies, and the prevalence across studies.
| Author/Year | Evaluation | Association between FI and Micronutrient Deficiency ** | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI | Deficiency, Marker or Micronutrient | ||
| Dixon et al. (2001) [19] | NHANES family questionnaire * | Ferritin | Young adults experiencing FI had lower serum concentrations of vitamin A and carotenoids than those experiencing FS; furthermore, elderly participants experiencing FI had lower concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E than those in FS. |
| Folate | |||
| Vitamin A, C, E, B12, D | |||
| Egeland et al. (2011) [20] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | Female and male adults experiencing FI had lower serum ferritin concentrations; postmenopausal females who did not consume traditional foods had lower mean ferritin. Premenopausal females and males experiencing FI had lower hemoglobin values. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Vitamin D | |||
| Gowda, Hadley, Aiello, (2012) [21] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Folate | NA |
| Vitamin A, B12 | |||
| Jamieson et al. (2012) [22] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was negatively associated with serum ferritin, and in insecure males, there was an increased risk of them having low or depleted iron stores. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Transferrin receptor | |||
| Fischer et al. (2014) [23] | Latin America and the Caribbean Food Security Scale | Hemoglobin | Females experiencing mild, moderate, and severe FI had a higher chance of being anemic. |
| McDonald et al. (2015) [34] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia. |
| Sekhar et al. (2016) [24] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia and predictors of iron deficiency. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Transferrin receptor | |||
| Ghose et al. (2016) [29] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI in females was associated with anemia. |
| Weigel et al. (2016) [25] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia. |
| Parker et al. (2017) [35] | Scale of the Childhood Hunger Identification Project—South Africa | Vitamin A | Females experiencing FI were at an increased risk of Vitamin A deficiency. |
| Soofi et al. (2017) [30] | Structured Questionnaire—Pakistan | Hemoglobin | Females experiencing moderate FI were more likely to be anemic. |
| Folate | |||
| Vitamin B12 | |||
| Jones et al. (2017) [26] | Latin America and the Caribbean Food Security Scale | Hermoglobin | FI was associated with anemia. |
| Habib et al. (2018) [31] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI in females was associated with iron-deficiency anemia. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Vitamin A | |||
| Zinc | |||
| Mastiholi et al. (2018) [32] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia. |
| Murillo-Castillo et al. (2018) [27] | Mexican Food Security Scale | Hemoglobin | NA |
| Kazemi et al. (2020) [33] | Abbreviated Household Food Security Scale- Iran | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Vitamin D | |||
| Pobee et al. (2020) [36] | Household Food Safety Survey—USDA | Hemoglobin | FI was negatively associated with Vitamin A concentrations. |
| Ferritin | |||
| Serum iron | |||
| Zinc | |||
| Copper | |||
| Vitamin A, D | |||
| Lopes et al. (2022) [28] | Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity | Hemoglobin | FI was associated with anemia. |
FI = food insecurity; FS = food security; NA = no association; * seven specific questions about frequency and reasons for not eating; ** supplementary material with prevalence information.