Table 7.
Migrant household characteristics and dietary diversity.
| Migrant-Headed Households | Household Diet Diversity Score (HDDS) Categories | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of Migrant Household Heads | 1–3 | 4–6 | 7–9 | 10–12 | |
| Sex of Household Head | |||||
| Male | 58 (10.1) | 294 (51.3) | 197 (34.4) | 24 (4.2) | 0.153 |
| Female | 19 (13.7) | 69 (49.6) | 50 (36.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Age of Household Head | |||||
| 16–24 | 7 (12.3) | 27 (47.4) | 22 (38.6) | 1 (1.8) | 0.776 |
| 25–34 | 29 (12.2) | 126 (53.2) | 72 (30.4) | 10 (4.2) | |
| 35–44 | 21 (9.5) | 112 (50.9) | 78 (35.5) | 9 (4.1) | |
| 45–54 | 7 (7.4) | 47 (49.5) | 37 (38.9) | 4 (4.2) | |
| 55–64 | 3 (6.5) | 23 (50.03) | 18 (39.1) | 2 (4.3) | |
| 65+ | 10 (16.4) | 29 (47.5) | 22 (36.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education Level of Household Head | |||||
| None | 1 (14.3) | 5 (71.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 29 (22.0) | 68 (51.5) | 33 (25.0) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Secondary school | 42 (14.7) | 159 (55.6) | 79 (27.6) | 6 (2.1) | |
| Higher | 5 (1.9) | 120 (44.4) | 128 (47.4) | 17 (6.3) | |
| Employment Status of Household Head | |||||
| Self-employed | 27 (9.7) | 135 (48.6) | 109 (39.2) | 7 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Employed full-time | 16 (5.8) | 144 (52.2) | 101 (36.6) | 15 (5.4) | |
| Employed part-time (incl. casual) | 24 (22.6) | 57 (53.8) | 24 (22.6) | 1 (0.9) | |
| Unemployed | 8 (22.9) | 21 (60.0) | 6 (17.1) | 0 | |
| Duration of Stay in Nairobi City | |||||
| ≤5 years | 13 (11.9) | 61 (56.0) | 31 (28.4) | 4 (3.7) | 0.441 |
| 6–10 years | 13 (8.0) | 89 (54.9) | 54 (33.3) | 6 (3.7) | |
| 11–15 years | 17 (17.2) | 43 (43.4) | 34 (34.3) | 5 (5.1) | |
| 16–20 years | 11 (8.0) | 72 (52.2) | 52 (37.7) | 3 (2.2) | |
| >20 | 18 (11.1) | 77 (47.5) | 60 (37.0) | 7 (4.3) | |
| Health Status of HH Head | |||||
| Healthy | 72 (10.8) | 343 (51.3) | 230 (34.4) | 24 (3.60) | 0.887 |
| Unhealthy | 5 (12.2) | 19 (46.3) | 16 (39.0) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Household Characteristics | |||||
| Household Size | |||||
| 1 person | 14 (11.5) | 66 (54.1) | 37 (30.3) | 5 (4.1) | 0.958 |
| 2–3 persons | 24 (9.3) | 129 (50.2) | 96 (37.4) | 8 (3.1) | |
| 4–5 persons | 30 (12.2) | 124 (50.6) | 82 (33.5) | 9 (3.7) | |
| 6+ persons | 9 (9.8) | 46 (50.0) | 33 (35.9) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Illness in HH | |||||
| No | 59 (9.9) | 313 (52.6) | 203 (34.1) | 20 (3.4) | 0.180 |
| Yes | 18 (14.6) | 53 (43.1) | 46 (37.4) | 6 (4.9) | |
| Dwelling Type | |||||
| Formal | 62 (10.0) | 311 (50.1) | 224 (36.1) | 24 (3.9) | 0.028 |
| Informal | 10 (14.9) | 42 (62.7) | 15 (22.4) | 0 | |
| Household Structure/Type | |||||
| Female-centred | 18 (13.8) | 66 (50.8) | 46 (35.4) | 0 | 0.372 |
| Male-centred | 18 (12.8) | 76 (53.9) | 42 (29.8) | 5 (3.5) | |
| Nuclear | 36 (9.3) | 194 (50.0) | 139 (35.8) | 19 (4.9) | |
| Extended | 4 (7.7) | 29 (55.8) | 17 (32.7) | 2 (3.8) | |
| Main Source of HH Income | |||||
| Formal wage work | 16 (5.0) | 174 (54.9) | 110 (34.7) | 17 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Informal wage work | 45 (20.0) | 115 (51.1) | 62 (27.6) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Self-employment (Informal) | 5 (5.7) | 31 (35.6) | 46 (52.9) | 5 (5.7) | |
| Self-employment (formal) | 10 (12.7) | 41 (51.9) | 27 (34.2) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Net Monthly HH Income | |||||
| KES ≤ 10,000 | 34 (24.1) | 73 (51.8) | 33 (23.4) | 1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| KES 10,001–20,000 | 10 (13.3) | 41 (54.7) | 23 (30.7) | 1 (1.3) | |
| KES 20,001–30,000 | 2 (5.9) | 16 (47.1) | 14 (41.2) | 2 (5.9) | |
| KES 30,001–40,000 | 2 (11.1) | 10 (55.6) | 4 (22.2) | 2 (11.1) | |
| KES 40,001–50,000 | 1 (6.7) | 6 (40.0) | 7 (46.7) | 1 (6.7) | |
| >KES 50,000 | 2 (3.1) | 20 (31.3) | 33 (51.6) | 9 (14.1) | |
| % of HH Income Spent on Food | |||||
| <20% | 21 (26.6) | 35 (21.7) | 23 (29.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.005 |
| 21–35% | 6 (9.8) | 34 (55.7) | 19 (31.1) | 2 (3.3) | |
| 36–50% | 9 (12.7) | 41 (57.7) | 16 (22.5) | 5 (7.0) | |
| >50% | 13 (10.2) | 51 (40.2) | 55 (43.3) | 8 (6.3) | |
| Lived Poverty Index Categories | |||||
| 0–0.5 | 27 (5.9) | 217 (47.3) | 191 (41.6) | 24 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| 0.51–1.00 | 19 (13.1) | 91 (62.8) | 33 (22.8) | 2 (1.4) | |
| 1.01–1.50 | 14 (24.1) | 33 (56.9) | 11 (19.0) | 0 | |
| >1.50 | 14 (40.0) | 16 (45.7) | 5 (14.3) | 0 | |
| Sent Remittances | |||||
| No | 45 (11.7) | 199 (51.7) | 127 (33.0) | 14 (3.6) | 0.815 |
| Yes | 32 (10.3) | 156 (50.0) | 113 (36.2) | 11 (3.5) | |
| Received Food Transfers from Rural Areas | |||||
| No | 51 (11.6) | 216 (49.0) | 154 (34.9) | 20 (4.5) | 0.177 |
| Yes | 25 (9.4) | 144 (54.3) | 91 (34.3) | 5 (1.9) | |
| HH Shares Meal with Neighbours | |||||
| No | 69 (10.7) | 328 (50.7) | 228 (35.2) | 22 (3.4) | 0.661 |
| Yes | 8 (11.3) | 38 (53.5) | 21 (29.6) | 4 (5.6) | |
| HH Purchase Food from Supermarket | |||||
| No | 33 (18.8) | 100 (56.8) | 41 (23.3) | 2 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 44 (8.1) | 226 (49.1) | 208 (38.4) | 24 (4.4) | |
| HH Engage in Urban Agriculture | |||||
| No | 76 (10.8) | 359 (51.2) | 240 (34.2) | 26 (3.7) | 0.390 |
| Yes | 1 (5.9) | 7 (41.2) | 9 (52.9) | 0 | |
| Gone without Certain Foods due to Food Price Increase | |||||
| Never | 11 (3.9) | 134 (47.7) | 120 (42.7) | 16 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| About once a month | 13 (7.8) | 75 (44.9) | 74 (44.3) | 5 (3.0) | |
| About once a week | 19 (14.8) | 74 (57.8) | 31 (24.2) | 4 (3.1) | |
| >Once a week to every day of the week | 32 (23.4) | 80 (58.4) | 24 (17.5) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Gone without Cereals/Grains due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 41 (7.9) | 255 (49.2) | 202 (39.0) | 20 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 36 (18.0) | 111 (55.5) | 47 (23.5) | 6 (3.0) | |
| Gone without Roots and Tubers due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 62 (9.8) | 329 (52.0) | 219 (34.6) | 23 (3.6) | 0.147 |
| No | 15 (17.6) | 37 (43.5) | 30 (35.3) | 3 (3.5) | |
| Gone without Vegetables due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 69 (10.5) | 346 (52.6) | 220 (33.4) | 23 (3.5) | 0.041 |
| No | 8 (13.3) | 20 (33.3) | 29 (48.3) | 3 (5.0) | |
| Gone without Fruits due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 64 (10.0) | 333 (52.0) | 222 (34.6) | 22 (3.4) | 0.190 |
| No | 13 (16.9) | 33 (42.9) | 27 (35.1) | 4 (5.2) | |
| Gone without Meat, Poultry, or Offal due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 23 (5.4) | 209 (49.4) | 171 (40.4) | 20 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 54 (18.3) | 157 (53.2) | 78 (26.4) | 6 (2.0) | |
| Gone without Eggs due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 59 (8.9) | 340 (51.4) | 237 (35.9) | 25 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 18 (31.6) | 26 (45.6) | 12 (21.1) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Gone without Fish and Seafood due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 36 (7.3) | 259 (52.2) | 179 (36.1) | 22 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 41 (18.5) | 107 (48.2) | 70 (31.5) | 4 (1.8) | |
| Gone without Pulses/Legumes/Nuts due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 68 (10.1) | 345 (51.0) | 239 (35.4) | 24 (3.6) | 0.091 |
| No | 9 (21.4) | 21 (50.0) | 10 (23.8) | 2 (4.8) | |
| Gone without Milk and Milk Products due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 51 (8.4) | 316 (52.0) | 219 (36.0) | 22 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 26 (23.6) | 50 (45.5) | 30 (27.3) | 4 (3.6) | |
| Gone without Oils/Fats due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 69 (10.6) | 331 (50.9) | 228 (35.1) | 22 (3.4) | 0.693 |
| No | 8 (11.8) | 35 (51.5) | 21 (30.9) | 4 (5.9) | |
| Gone without Sugar/Honey due to Price Increase | |||||
| Yes | 60 (9.5) | 322 (51.1) | 226 (35.9) | 22 (3.5) | 0.026 |
| No | 17 (19.3) | 44 (50.0) | 23 (26.1) | 4 (4.5) | |