Table 1.

Cohort Studies: Associations between nuts and inflammatory biomarkers.

Reference	Study Country	Sample Size Gender	Follow-Up	Nut Type Amount	Outcome	Inflammatory Biomarkers
Li et al., 2009 [25]	NHS, USA	6.309 Female	1989–1990	Peanuts and mixed nuts Almost never or ≥5 servings/week (Portion size—28 g/day for nuts and 16 g/day for peanut butter)	Incident CVD	TNFR-2, ICAM-1, E-selectin, CRP, and fibrinogen (No changes)
Jiang et al., 2006 [27]	MESA, USA	6.080 Female, Male	Baseline	Mixed nuts, seeds, or peanuts/peanut butter Never/rare or ≥5 times/week (Portion size—no data)	Inflammation biomarkers	↓CRP, ↓IL-6 and ↓fibrinogen
Mantzoros et al., 2006 [26]	NHS, USA	987 Female	1989–1990	Mixed nuts Quintile of nuts intake (Portion size—no data)	Adipocytokine	↑Adiponectin
Bonaccio et al., 2015 [28]	Moli-sani Study, Italy	19,386 Female, Male	4.3 years	Walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, and peanuts Never or ≥8 times/month (Portion size—no data)	Total and specific mortality	↓CRP, ↓platelet count and ↓neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
Yu et al., 2016 [29]	NHS HPFS, USA	NHS (3654) HPFS (1359) Female, Male	NHS (1989–1990) HPFS (1993–1995)	Peanuts, mixed nuts, and peanut butter Almost never or ≥5 times/week (Portion size—28 g/day)	Inflammatory biomarkers	↓TNFR-2, ↓CRP and ↓IL-6

NHS—Nurses’ Health Study; MESA—Multiethnic study of atherosclerosis; HPFS—Health professional follow-up study; CVD—cardiovascular disease; TNFR—Tumor necrosis factor receptor; CRP—C-reactive protein; IL-6—Interleukin 6. ↓—higher consumption of nuts associated with lower levels of the inflammatory markers; ↑—higher consumption of nuts associated with higher levels of the anti-inflammatory marker.