Table 1.
The biological effects of CFGAs and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
| Effect | Mechanism | Cell | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory effects | |||
| Adhesion molecule | ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | vascular endothelial cells | [48] |
| Chemotaxis | CD62L | neutrophil | [49] |
| Leukocyte rolling | CD62P | platelet | [50] |
| Anti-cancer effects | |||
| Proliferation | hepatoma | [56] | |
| Invasion | hepatoma | [57] | |
| MMP activity | MMP-9 | hepatoma | [61] |
| MMP activity | MMP-2 | glioma | [63] |
| Proliferation | PI3K/Akt/mTORC | hepatocellular carcinoma | [73] |
| Apoptosis | PI3K/Akt/mTORC | kidney cancer | [74] |
| Signaling | Wnt/β-catenin | colon cancer | [75] |
| Viability, migration | colorectal cancer | [76] | |
| Migration | DDR1 | ovarian cancer | [77] |
| Invasion | Akt | squamous cell carcinoma | [78] |
| Invasion | ERK, MMP-2/9 | hepatic cancer | [79] |
| Apoptosis | p53 | breast cancer | [80] |
| Apoptosis | p21 | breast cancer | [81] |
| Apoptosis | JNK | lung cancer | [82] |
| Apoptosis | Nrf2 | hepatocellular carcinoma | [83] |
| Carcinogenesis | mi-21a-5p | colon cancer | [84] |
| Neuroprotective effects | |||
| Glutamine release | c-Src | microglia | [87] |
| Glutamine release | neuron | [88] | |
| Cell viability | neuron | [89,90] | |
| Neurodegeneration | amyloid-β | neuron | [91] |
| Brain aging suppression | CREB | microglia | [92] |