Table 2.
Studies methodology and main findings
| Author, year | N | Sample | Main findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Instruments | N per instrument | Child’s age at assessment | |||
| Wang et al. [46] (2020) | 57 | EN (n = 57) |
ASQ-3 ASQ: SE-2 |
57 | 3 months |
Children at risk for delay: 19.2% CM, 13.5% GM, 23.1% FM, 19.2% PBS, 23.1% PS, 86.4% SE Subdomain scores inversely associated with the duration of dyad separation: CM (p = 0.026), GM (p = 0.036), PS (p = 0.044) |
|
Wu et al. [39] (2021) |
135 |
EN (n = 57) NE (n = 78) |
ASQ-3 ASQ: SE-2 |
135 | 3 months |
% Global delay: EN > NE (p = 0.35) % SE delay: EN > NE (p = 0.2) Subdomain delay: EN > NE, FM (p = 0.092) and PS (p = 0.24) Subdomains scores: EN < NE, GM (p = 0.006), FM (p = 0.038), PBS (p = 0.002), and PS (p = 0.002) Subdomain scores inversely associated with the dyad separation duration: GM (p = 0.008) |
| Cheng et al. [38] (2021) | 18 |
EN (n = 9) NE (n = 9) |
ASQ-3 | 18 | 8–10 months | Subdomain scores: EN < NE, FM (p = 0.031), CM (p = 0.086), GM (p = 0.521) PBS (p = 0.401), PS (p = 0.430) |
| Schuh et al. [45] (2022) | 33 | EN (n = 33) | ASQ-3 | 15 | 6 months | All normal |
|
Shuffrey et al.[40] (2022) |
317 |
PC (n = 255) EN (n = 114) NE (n = 141) HC (n = 62) |
ASQ 3 | 317 | 5- 6 months |
Comparison between exposed and non-exposed infants: Subdomain scores: EN < NE, CM (p = 0.89), GM (p = 0.63), PBS (p = 0.81) EN = NE, FM (p = 0.99) EN > NE, PS (p = 0.34) Comparison between pandemic and historical cohorts: Subdomain scores: PC < HC, GM (p < 0.001), FM (p < 0.001), PS (p = 0.01), PBS (p = 0.67) PC > HC, CM (p = 0.29) Subdomain delay: PC > HC, GM (p = 0.01) Association between the trimester of pregnancy and the pandemic peak: Subdomain scores: 1st trim < 2nd and 3rd trim, GM(p = 0.001), FM(p = 0.0005), PS (p = 0.002) |
|
Munian et al. [47] (2021) |
127 |
PEN (n = 19) NEN (n = 108) |
DP3 Amiel-Tison |
127 | 6 months | Global delay: 5.2% PEN vs. 0.9 NEN (p > 0.05) |
|
Buonsenso et al. [48] (2022) |
199 | EN (n = 199) |
Postural development (GM) |
120 82 40 20 |
1 month 3 months 6 months 9 months |
All normal |
| Ayed et al. [44] (2022) | 298 | EN (n = 298) | ASQ-3 | 298 | 10–12 months |
Children at risk for delay: 0.3% CM, 2.6% GM, 4% FM, 1% PBS, 3% PS Association of gestational trimester and risk for delay: 1st and 2nd trim > 3rd trim (p < 0.001) |
|
Mulkey et al. [49] (2022) |
34 |
IU-S (n = 16) IU-A (n = 12) Neo (n = 6) |
ASQ-3 | 34 | 3–17 months |
Children at risk for delay (ASQ scores close to or below the cutoff): Any ASQ domain: 69% IU-S, 50% IU-A, 50% Neo CM: 38% IU-S, 17% IU-A, 33% Neo GM: 56% IU-S, 33% IU-A, 17% Neo FM: 69% IU-S, 42% IU-A, 33% Neo PB: 50% IU-S, 25% IU-A, 33% Neo PS: 63% IU-S, 17% IU-A, 33% Neo Association of maternal symptoms and risk for delay: Global: IU-S > IU-A (p = 0.04), FM: IU-S > IU-A (p = 0.01), PS: IU-S > IU-A (p = 0.02) |
|
Martinez et al. [50] (2023) |
239 |
EN (n = 124) NTC (n = 115) |
GMA CDC-DM |
230 109 |
3–5 months 6–8 months |
General movements assessments: MOS-R median (IQR): 23 (21–24) EN, 25 (24–26) NTC (p < 0.001) MOS-R optimal range (25–28): 17.4% EN, 54.8% NTC (p < 0.001) MOS-R < 20: 14% EN, 0% NTC (P < 0.001) EN: 7% abnormal exaggerated fidgety movements; 11.3% normal equals to or less than abnormal movement patterns; 71.3% normal equals to or less than abnormal postural patterns; 78.3% Abnormal but not cramped-synchronized movements (p < 0.001) CDC-DM assessment: % Developmental Delay (DD): EN 11.9% % DD by gestational trimester: 23.1% T1, 9.1% T2, 11.1% T3 (p = 0.40) |
EN exposed neonates, NE non-exposed neonates, PEN positive exposed neonates, NEN negative exposed neonate, PC pandemic cohort, HC historic cohort, IU-S in utero exposed to symptomatic mothers, IU-A in utero exposed to asymptomatic mothers, Neo exposed in the neonatal period, NTC neurotypical controls, ASQ-3 Ages and Stages Questionnaires Edition 3, ASQ:SE-2 Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional, second edition, DP3 Developmental Profile 3, GMA General Movement Assessment, CDC-DM Centers on Disease Control - Developmental Milestones, CM communication, GM gross motor, PBS problem-solving, SE socio-emotional, FM fine motor, PS personal-social, MOS-R Motor Optimality Score - Revised