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. 2023 Feb 20;16(3):210–216. doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01126-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–d,T′ (a), advective T′ (b), adiabatic T′ (c) and diabatic T′ (d) averaged for 28–30 June 2021. e, The trajectories of air parcels arriving at Lytton (121.5° W, 50.0° N, marked with a black cross in a–e) during the same period. Trajectories are plotted only for trajectory times after the respective anomaly genesis (for trajectory times t for which t_g ≤ t) and are coloured according to their respective T′ (t). f, Formation pathway of T′, averaged for all trajectories arriving within the heat-wave region during 28–30 June 2021. Grey shading (left y axis) denotes the fraction of trajectories for which t_g ≤ t for each trajectory time t. Coloured lines show the evolution of T′, advective T′, adiabatic T′ and diabatic T′ within these trajectories in Kelvin (right y axis). In each trajectory, all terms are set to zero for trajectory times before the respective t_g.