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. 2023 Feb 9;16(3):250–256. doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01125-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — Return periods T (yr), diagnosed from EF (a) and SIF (b). To diagnose T, a range of alternative values of T are screened and the corresponding range of values S_CWDXT are compared to S_dEF S_dSIF) within 1^∘ grid cells (resolution of maps shown here). The best matching T was retained for each gridcell, yielding a global distribution of T_EF (T_SIF). The bottom panel shows the distribution of diagnosed return periods T (mean of T_EF and T_SIF) within bins of the Compound Topography Index⁶⁰ (c) and forest cover fractions (MOD44B⁶²) (d). Boxes represent the interquartile ranges of binned values (Q₂₅, Q₇₅), and whiskers cover Q₂₅ − 1.5(Q₇₅ − Q₂₅) to Q₇₅ + 1.5(Q₇₅ − Q₂₅). Numbers of data points per bin are given above boxes.