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. 2022 Dec 6;28(3):1303–1311. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01878-z

Table 1.

Demographics of the study cohort.

AD MCI HC ANOVA
Cases 14 12 16
Age 73.7 ± 7.7a 75.8 ± 7.6b 63.1 ± 8.2 0.00012**
Gender (Male/Female) 8/6 6/6 7/9 0.74
IQ 114 ± 16.9 118 ± 8.1 115 ± 9.4 0.68
NART 12.2 ± 10.3 10.7 ± 7.1 12.6 ± 7.5 0.83
MMSE 23.0 ± 3.6a 28.0 ± 1.5 28.7 ± 1.7 <0.0001**
Rey Copy 25.6 ± 10.8 32.2 ± 4.3 34.5 ± 2.8 0.022*
Rey Imm 5.2 ± 4.6a 9.8 ± 6.3 18.2 ± 11.5 0.004*
Rey Del 3.2 ± 4.2a 10.5 ± 6.6 18.0 ± 7.5 <0.0001**
WLM Imm 15.4 ± 9.8a 30.0 ± 10.5b 45.2 ± 8.5 <0.0001**
WLM Del 3.8 ± 6.3a 13.1 ± 8.2b 28.4 ± 6.2 <0.0001**
Hopkins Imm 9.8 ± 8.8a 18.3 ± 6.8b 26.2 ± 8.6 0.00016**
Hopkins Del 1.6 ± 1.9a 6.7 ± 9.1b 12.4 ± 7.1 0.003*
Hopkins RI 5.0 ± 3.8a 7.9 ± 3.9b 11.4 ± 0.9 <0.0001**
LNS 3.6 ± 2.4a 6.3 ± 3.0a 10.71 ± 3.20 <0.0001**
Semantic Fluency 11.3 ± 3.2a 14.7 ± 4.2b 23.8 ± 8.6 <0.0001**
Verbal Fluency 35.6 ± 11.9a 38.7 ± 13.5b 49.2 ± 12.9 0.038*
HADS Anxiety 6.8 ± 3.8 6.0 ± 3.9 5.2 ± 3.5 0.58
HADS Depression 5.6 ± 4.3 4.0 ± 2.4 3.2 ± 3.6 0.28

SD standard deviation, NART National Adult Reading Test, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, Rey Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, Imm immediate recall, Del delayed recall, WLM Wechsler Memory Scale–Logical Memory test, Hopkins Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, RI Recognition Index, LNS Letter-Number Sequencing, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

*p  < 0.05; **p < 0.001 in ANOVA.

aSignificant difference between Alzheimer’s dementia patients and healthy controls in post hoc comparisons (p < 0.05).

bSignificant difference between mild cognitive impairment patients and healthy controls in post hoc comparisons (p < 0.05).