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. 2023 Jan 16;28(3):1090–1100. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01922-y

Fig. 1. Chronic pain induces anxiety-like behaviors and chronic restraint stress (CRS) aggravates pain behaviors.

Fig. 1

AD Data representative for the chronic pain model (CFA). A Withdrawal threshold of hind paw in response to von Frey hair stimulation under chronic inflammatory pain. B Open field test (OFT). (Top) Representative locomotion traces. (Bottom, left) Distance traversed. (Bottom, middle) percentage of time spent in the central zone. (Bottom, right) Correlation between withdrawal threshold and time spent in the central zone. C Elevated plus maze (EPM) test. (Top) Representative exploration traces. (Bottom, left) Entries made into arms. (Bottom middle) percentage of time in spent in open arms. (Bottom, right) Correlation between withdrawal threshold and time spent in EPM open arms. D (Left) c-Fos expression levels in LS are elevated in CFA over those in the control. Scale bar, 100 μm. EH Data representative for the anxiety model (CRS) shown similarly to (AD). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns, no significant difference (P > 0.05). Data are presented as the means ± SEM. For further details of statistical data analysis see Table S1.