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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Rhythm. 2022 Nov 15;20(1):76–86. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.09.021

Fig. 8. Smoking or vaping promoted neural remodeling of the heart.

Fig. 8.

Fluorescent triple labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, as marker of sympathetic nerve component), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, visualized the parasympathetic nerve component), and DAPI showed more sympathetic and less parasympathetic nerves in rats exposed to tobacco or marijuana versus to air. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; p values are shown in the graphs. N = 6 per group.