Fig. 2.

Gut microbial alterations. (A) Shannon diversity. (B) Observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs). ^#P <.05, ^##P <.01, ^###P <.001 in Sidak’s multiple comparisons test after two-way ANOVA. (C) Principal component analysis (PCA) showing the microbial compositions of patients before and after the treatment. Lines link the same subject and show the distance travelled over time. (D) Differential microbial taxa before and after the treatment between placebo and probiotic groups, identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analyses. Data were computed with an LDA score above 2.00 and a P-value below 0.05 for the factorial Kruskal-Wallis test.