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. 2022 May 11;45:117–125. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.003

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Antidepressant-like effects and possible mechanisms of the probiotics. (A) Animal experimental schedule. (B) Forced swim test (n = 8 in each group). (C) Tail suspension test (n = 8 in each group). (D) Basal serum corticosterone levels (n = 8 in each group). (E) Hypothalamus corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels (n = 6 in each group). (F) 5-HT turnover in the prefrontal cortex (n = 5–7 in each group). (G) 5-HT turnover in the brainstem (n = 6–7 in each group). (H) Immunohistochemistry examination of hippocampal proBDNF levels. The left panel shows representative staining of the target protein. Histogram bars indicate the relative expression of proBDNF to the Non-stressed group (n = 3 in each group). (I) Immunofluorescence staining of mature BDNF levels in the hippocampus. The nucleus was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue), and BDNF was labelled with fluorescein (FITC, green). Histogram bars indicate the relative expression of BDNF to the Non-stressed group (n = 3 in each group).