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. 2022 May 11;45:117–125. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.003

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© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 4 — Gastrointestinal effects and possible probiotic mechanisms. (A) Gastrointestinal (GI) transit test. Bars indicate the food transiting distance (percentage of the whole intestine) within 30 min after gavage (n = 5–7 in each group). (B) Time of the first coloured defecation after gavage (n = 8 in each group). (C) 5-HT levels in colon tissue (n = 8 in each group). (D) Transcriptional levels of the colonic serotonin transporter gene (Slc6a4; n = 7–8 in each group). (E) Transcriptional levels of the colonic tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene (Tph1; n = 8 each group). (F) Stool moisture. (G) Caecal short-chain fatty acid levels (n = 8 each group; *P <.05, **P <.01, ***P <.001, ****P <.0001 in the unpaired t-tests).